Kev puas hlwb hauv cov menyuam yaus
Mental retardation (ZPR) - kev lag luam ntawm tus kheej lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus menyuam los ntawm cov qauv hnub nyoog. Cov ntawv luv luv no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool thiab cov menyuam yaus me.

ZPR tsis yog kev kuaj mob, tab sis lub npe dav dav rau ntau yam teeb meem kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases), kev puas siab puas ntsws yog xam nyob rau hauv nqe lus F80-F89 "Kev mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws kev loj hlob", txhua tus piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm tus me nyuam - los ntawm kev hais lus tsis zoo, tsis xav txog kev tso zis thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm tus kheej. .

Hom kev puas hlwb

Txheeb cai

Hauv cov menyuam yaus no, lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb loj hlob qeeb dua li lawv cov phooj ywg. Nws zoo li tus me nyuam kuj yuav ncua kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, thiab tshwm sim ntau clumsy thiab spontaneous tshaj qhov xav tau los ntawm tus me nyuam ntawm nws lub hnub nyoog. Nws nyuaj rau nws kom mloog, tswj kev xav, nco ntsoov qee yam, thiab tom tsev kawm ntawv nws yuav nyiam ua si thiab khiav ncig ntau dua li kev kawm. "Zoo, koj me me npaum li cas?" – Cov me nyuam no feem ntau hnov ​​los ntawm cov laus.

Somatogenic

Hom kev ncua no tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yaus uas mob hnyav thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ncua sij hawm tuaj yeem yog thaum tus menyuam yuav tsum pw hauv tsev kho mob ntev. Hom somatogenic yog nrog los ntawm kev qaug zog, tsis nco qab, teeb meem nco, lethargy, los yog, conversely, kev ua ntau dhau.

psychogenic

Hom no tuaj yeem hu ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nyuaj thaum yau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, psychogenic kev loj hlob qeeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog hauv cov menyuam yaus los ntawm cov tsev neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo, uas lawv niam lawv txiv tsis saib xyuas lossis ua phem rau lawv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv "tus hlub". Kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau kuj cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Cov menyuam yaus no feem ntau qaug zog, xav tau, tsis muaj lub hom phiaj, tsis qhia kev pib thiab poob qab kev txawj ntse.

Cerebral Organic

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov ncua sij hawm yog vim mob hlwb me me, uas yog ib txwm muaj. Tsuas yog ib lossis ob peb feem ntawm lub hlwb lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txawv ntawm lub hlwb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. Feem ntau, cov menyuam yaus uas muaj teeb meem zoo li no muaj kev txom nyem ntawm kev xav, kev kawm nyuaj thiab kev xav tsis zoo.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas hlwb

Yog tias peb sawv cev rau kev puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab, ces qhov no yog ib txoj kab ncaj nraim nrog me me lossis loj "peaks". Piv txwv li: tsis to taub yuav ua li cas sib sau ib tug pyramid, tsis tau qhia ib qho kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub lauj kaub, tab sis, thaum kawg, thiab tsis yog tsis muaj dag zog, nco ntsoov tag nrho cov xim (me ntsis sawv) thiab kawm ib tug rhyme thawj zaug los yog kos ib tug. nyiam tas luav cim los ntawm nco (peak).

Yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov ua tsis tiav hauv lub sijhawm no yog tias tus menyuam muaj kev txawj ntse, piv txwv li, hais lus tshwm sim thiab ploj mus, lossis nws tsis siv chav dej thiab pib qias nws lub ris dua, koj yuav tsum qhia tus kws kho mob txog qhov no.

Kev kho mob rau kev puas hlwb

Psychiatrists, neurologists thiab defectologists tuaj yeem pab xyuas seb vim li cas tus menyuam yaus poob qab lawv cov phooj ywg, thiab nyob rau thaj chaw twg ntawm kev ua si nws muaj teeb meem ntau dua.

diagnostics

Tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tus menyuam tus mob thiab nkag siab tias tus menyuam puas muaj kev puas hlwb (mental retardation). Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, nws cov txheej txheem yog qhov tsis meej, tab sis muaj qee cov cim qhia uas nws tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tus me nyuam qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog thim rov qab.

Cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws me me taw qhia tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, xws li thaum muaj kev loj hlob qeeb, kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm tus mob no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb yog inextricably txuas nrog kev loj hlob ntawm kev hais lus, yog li cov niam txiv yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov theem ntawm kev hais lus tsim hauv lawv tus menyuam. Nws yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm 5 xyoos.

Raws li kev xyaum qhia, feem ntau, cov niam thiab txiv mus ntsib kws kho mob tom qab lawv xa tus menyuam mus rau kindergarten thiab pom tias nws txawv ntawm lwm tus menyuam hauv kev hais lus thiab kev coj cwj pwm.

Ob tus kws kho mob hlwb thiab tus kws kho mob hlwb tau koom nrog hauv kev kuaj xyuas kev txhim kho ntawm kev hais lus, tab sis tsuas yog ib tus kws kho mob hlwb ntsuas qhov qeeb hauv lub hlwb.

Kev Kho Mob

Tom qab kuaj xyuas tus mob, nyob ntawm qhov qhia tau, tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem sau tshuaj kho mob, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nws txuas tus menyuam mus rau kev pabcuam kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia, uas suav nrog cov chav kawm kho mob, feem ntau, nrog peb tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog ib tug defectologist, hais lus therapist thiab psychologist.

Feem ntau, ib tus kws qhia ntawv muaj ob qhov tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, tus kws kho mob hais lus. Kev pab ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem tau txais hauv cov chaw kho mob lossis nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, tus me nyuam, nrog rau lawv niam lawv txiv, yuav tsum mus los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev kho mob thiab pedagogical commission.

Kev tshawb pom ntxov thiab kev koom tes raws sij hawm ntawm tus menyuam hauv kev kho lub hlwb thiab kev qhuab qhia ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev kwv yees ntxiv thiab theem ntawm kev them nyiaj rau qhov kev loj hlob tsis zoo. Qhov sai dua koj txheeb xyuas thiab txuas, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo dua!

Txoj kev pej xeem

ZPR yuav tsum tau kho los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb nkaus xwb thiab yuav tsum ua tiav. Tsis muaj kev kho pej xeem yuav pab tau qhov no. Kev kho tus kheej txhais tau tias nco lub sijhawm tseem ceeb.

Kev tiv thaiv kev puas hlwb hauv cov menyuam yaus

Kev tiv thaiv kev puas hlwb hauv tus menyuam yuav tsum pib txawm tias ua ntej cev xeeb tub: cov niam txiv yav tom ntej yuav tsum kuaj xyuas lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab tshem tawm qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub cev ntawm leej niam tom qab xeeb tub.

Thaum cev xeeb tub, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau sim tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev kho mob mus sij hawm ntev hauv tsev kho mob, uas yog, tus me nyuam yuav tsum noj kom raug, nyob hauv huab cua ntshiab, thiab cov niam txiv yuav tsum saib xyuas nws txoj kev huv thiab ua kom lub tsev muaj kev nyab xeeb kom tsis txhob raug mob rau tus menyuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog - taub hau.

Cov neeg laus txiav txim siab txog hom thiab ntau zaus ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev ua si, kev kawm thiab kev ua si, thiab tseem cia tus menyuam muaj kev ywj pheej yog tias qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev nyab xeeb.

Nrov lus nug thiab lus teb

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws?

– Cov menyuam puas hlwb puas muaj teeb meem nrog kev tsom xam, kev nthuav dav, kev sib piv? – Nws hais lus Tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus Maxim Piskunov. - Hais lus ntxhib, yog tias koj piav qhia rau tus menyuam tias ntawm plaub daim npav qhia txog lub tsev, khau, miv thiab tus pas nuv ntses, tus miv yog superfluous, vim nws yog ib tug ciaj sia, ces thaum nws pom daim npav nrog cov duab ntawm ib lub txaj, tsheb, khej thiab txiv apple, nws tseem yuav muaj teeb meem.

Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws feem ntau nyiam txais kev pab los ntawm ib tus neeg laus, nyiam ua kom tiav cov haujlwm hauv kev ua si, thiab yog tias lawv txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm, lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab ua tiav.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev kuaj mob ntawm ZPR tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv daim npav tom qab tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog 11-14 xyoos. Txawv teb chaws, tom qab 5 xyoos, tus menyuam yuav tau txais kev xeem Wechsler thiab, ntawm nws lub hauv paus, kos cov lus xaus txog qhov muaj thiab tsis muaj kev puas hlwb.

Sau ntawv cia Ncua