Niaj hnub no cov me nyuam pib siv computer thaum ntxov. Lawv saib tas luav, nrhiav ntaub ntawv, tham nrog phooj ywg. Lawv kuj ua homework thiab homework. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau qhia kom sib txuas lus nrog electronics. Tab sis vim li cas raws nraim thiab thaum twg pib ua nws?
Hauv chav kawm computer science, ntau txhiab xyoo feem ntau kawm ntaus ntawv, paub Microsoft Windows (Basic zoo tshaj) thiab ua si Super Mario. Niaj hnub no, khoos phis tawj rau cov menyuam yaus yog lub ntuj zoo li lub tub yees. Yuav ua li cas pab koj tus menyuam kom xis nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb digital thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhov hloov tshiab tas li? Cia peb xav txog nws.
3 - 5 xyoo
Lub hnub nyoog tsim nyog los qhia tus menyuam rau lub computer. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos, cov menyuam yaus txhim kho cov leeg nqaij tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm tes. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tuaj yeem pom qhov sib txuas ntawm cov keyboard thiab nas tswj thiab hloov pauv ntawm qhov screen. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog no, lawv tuaj yeem ua tus tswv cov haujlwm yooj yim.
5 - 7 xyoo
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog preschool muaj peev xwm tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog los ntawm lawv tus kheej kev paub, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv thiab feem ntau tsis suav tias yog qhov tseeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus tseem tsis tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej, yog li lawv sau thiab nyeem qeeb heev (piv txwv li, nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tau rau lawv). Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau lawv los tsim cov kev txiav txim thiab cov lus xaus.
Yog tias koj nug tus menyuam tias yuav xaws lub tsho dab tsi los ntawm: ntawv, ntaub, birch bark, polystyrene lossis roj hmab, nws yuav xaiv cov ntaub, tab sis nws tsis zoo li yuav piav qhia vim li cas nws thiaj teb li ntawd. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 5–7 xyoos, ib tug me nyuam tsis tuaj yeem qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua lej (piv txwv li, sau ib qho algorithm rau kev suav cov lus y u2d 6a - (x + XNUMX) lossis piav qhia txog algorithm rau kev ua homework hauv lej). Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua los pib kawm qhov programming txij thaum muaj yim xyoo thiab tsis ntxov dua.
Sau npe rau koj tus menyuam hauv ib chav kawm hauv kev txhim kho cov lus thaum ntxov lossis kev puas siab puas ntsws arithmetic. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog tsom rau cov kev txawj ntse thiab tsim cov kev coj ua muaj tswv yim: cov kis las, kos duab lossis tsev kawm suab paj nruag.
8 - 9 xyoo
Thaum lub hnub nyoog no, qib ntawm egocentrism poob, tus menyuam twb tau npaj siab ntseeg tus kws qhia ntawv cov lus txiav txim thiab yog li nkag siab cov ntaub ntawv. Syncretism (tus me nyuam lub siab xav coj qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev xav rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom, piv txwv li, lub hli tsis poob vim nws nyob saum ntuj) kuj ploj mus, thiab nws twb muaj peev xwm nkag siab tias cov txheej txheem yooj yim ua haujlwm li cas.
Psychologists paub qhov txawv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm qhov sib thooj thiab kev loj hlob tiag tiag - kev txawj ntse uas tsim los ntawm kev sib koom tes nrog lwm tus neeg. Qhov uas tus menyuam tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm nws tus kheej (piv txwv li, hnav khaub ncaws yooj yim) twb nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev loj hlob tiag tiag. Yog hais tias nws tseem tsis paub yuav ua li cas khi nws cov hlua khau tsis muaj kev tshoov siab ntawm ib tus neeg laus nyob ze, ces qhov kev txawj ntse no tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev loj hlob ze. Hauv chav kawm, tus kws qhia ntawv tsim ib cheeb tsam ntawm kev loj hlob ze.
Yog li tus me nyuam txhim kho qhov pom kev pom thiab kev xav heuristic (thaum nws muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tau), nws kawm los daws cov teeb meem rau cov logic hauv graphical thiab thaiv daim ntawv. Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov kev kawm hauv lub hnub nyoog no, koj xav tau kev paub txog lej hauv tsev kawm ntawv: ntxiv, rho tawm, sib npaug thiab faib los ntawm ib tus lej thiab ob tus lej hauv 10.
Koj kuj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm daws tau cov teeb meem combinatorial. Piv txwv li: miv Murka yug tau 8 kittens (6 fluffy thiab 5 liab). Muaj pes tsawg kittens yug ob leeg fluffy thiab liab tib lub sijhawm? Tsis tas li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus xav tau kev txawj daws teeb meem, xws li cov duab labyrinths, rebuses, sau cov algorithms yooj yim, thiab nrhiav txoj hauv kev luv tshaj.
10 - 11 xyoo
Hauv qib 4-5, ntxiv rau kev ua cov txheej txheem theem pib (piv txwv li, kos cov algorithm hauv qab no ntawm daim ntawv qhia No. 1: tawm hauv Ozersk, mus rau Okeansk), tus me nyuam kawm cov kev cai syntax ntawm cov lus programming, thiab tseem pib ua haujlwm. nrog branching algorithms, nested loops, variables, thiab cov txheej txheem.
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tsim cov kev xav paub daws teeb meem: ua haujlwm nrog ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, ntawm nws tus kheej nkag mus rau qhov program code thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua lej thiab cov laj thawj. Yog li, ua ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam, peb tuaj yeem siv lub cim computer uas tuaj yeem ua ntau yam hauv ntiaj teb virtual: dhia, khiav, tig, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv kev kawm, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau, piv txwv li, tias nws txav ib lub thawv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tus menyuam yuav tsum nkag mus rau cov lus txib tsim nyog hauv qhov program hauv ib qho kev txiav txim. Qhov no txhim kho kev xav paub daws teeb meem, tus menyuam pom meej tias nws tus cwj pwm txav li cas, thiab nkag siab thaum nws ua yuam kev thaum sau cov lus txib hauv qhov program.
Cov menyuam yaus lawv tus kheej raug rub mus rau thev naus laus zis thiab txhua yam tshiab, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov niam txiv kom coj qhov kev txaus siab no rau hauv cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig. Programming tsuas yog zoo li yog ib qho nyuaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus tau, tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm ob peb. Yog tias koj ua tib zoo saib qhov kev nyiam ntawm tus menyuam thiab txhim kho nws cov kev txawj ntse, nws tuaj yeem dhau los ua "tus neeg txawj ntse hauv computer."
Hais txog tus tsim tawm
Sergey Shedov - tus tsim thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Moscow School of Programmers.