Proteins - Noj qab nyob zoo nyob ze kuv

Proteins yog macromolecular tej yam ntuj tso khoom muaj xws li ib tug saw ntawm amino acids txuas los ntawm ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tebchaw no yog kev tswj hwm tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev (lub luag haujlwm enzymatic). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua haujlwm tiv thaiv, hormonal, kev tsim, khoom noj khoom haus, lub zog ua haujlwm.

Los ntawm cov qauv, cov protein tau muab faib ua yooj yim (proteins) thiab complex (proteids). Tus nqi ntawm cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv lub molecules yog txawv: myoglobin yog 140, insulin yog 51, uas piav qhia lub siab molecular hnyav ntawm cov compound (Mr), uas nyob ntawm 10 000 mus rau 3 000 000 Dalton.

Proteins suav txog 17% ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg qhov hnyav: 10% yog tawv nqaij, 20% yog pob txha mos, pob txha, thiab 50% yog cov leeg. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov proteins thiab proteids tseem tsis tau kawm kom ntxaws niaj hnub no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, kev muaj peev xwm loj hlob, tsim tawm lub cev, cov dej ntws ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm cov cellular yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov amino acids. kua qaub.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm cov proteins tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII, thaum ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb coj los ntawm Fabkis chemist Antoine Francois de Furcroix tshawb nrhiav albumin, fibrin, gluten. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, cov proteins tau sau tseg thiab muab cais rau hauv ib chav kawm cais.

Nyob rau hauv 1836, thawj zaug, Mulder tau npaj cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov proteins raws li kev xav ntawm radicals. Nws tseem feem ntau lees txais mus txog thaum xyoo 1850. Lub npe niaj hnub ntawm cov protein - cov protein - cov khoom sib xyaw tau txais hauv xyoo 1838. Thiab los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, tus kws tshawb fawb German A. Kossel tau ua qhov kev tshawb pom zoo: nws tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov amino acids yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv. "cov khoom siv hauv tsev". Qhov kev xav no tau sim ua pov thawj thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX los ntawm German chemist Emil Fischer.

Xyoo 1926, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas, James Sumner, hauv chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, pom tias cov enzyme urease uas tsim hauv lub cev yog cov proteins. Qhov kev tshawb pom no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb thiab ua rau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov proteins rau tib neeg lub neej. Xyoo 1949, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv biochemist, Fred Sanger, tau sim muab cov amino acid sib lawv liag ntawm cov tshuaj insulin, uas tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav tias cov proteins yog linear polymers ntawm amino acids.

Nyob rau xyoo 1960, thawj zaug ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm X-ray diffraction, cov qauv spatial ntawm cov protein nyob rau theem atomic tau txais. Txoj kev kawm ntawm no high-molecular organic compound txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.

Protein qauv

Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov proteins yog cov amino acids, muaj cov amino pawg (NH2) thiab carboxyl residues (COOH). Qee zaum, nitric-hydrogen radicals txuam nrog carbon ions, tus naj npawb thiab qhov chaw uas txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj peptide. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov amino pawg yog hais txog lub npe nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb prefix: alpha, beta, gamma.

Rau cov proteins, alpha-amino acids ua raws li cov txheej txheem, vim tsuas yog lawv, thaum elongating cov polypeptide saw, muab cov protein fragments ntxiv stability thiab lub zog. Cov tshuaj ntawm hom no muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ob hom: L thiab D (tshwj tsis yog glycine). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj hom yog ib feem ntawm cov proteins ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia uas tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, thiab hom thib ob yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm peptides tsim los ntawm non-ribosomal synthesis hauv fungi thiab kab mob.

Lub tsev blocks ntawm cov proteins tau txuas ua ke los ntawm polypeptide daim ntawv cog lus, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ib qho amino acid rau carboxyl ntawm lwm cov amino acid. Cov qauv luv luv feem ntau hu ua peptides lossis oligopeptides (molecular hnyav 3-400 daltons), thiab ntev, muaj ntau dua 10 amino acids, polypeptides. Feem ntau, cov saw hlau muaj 000 - 50 amino acid residues, thiab qee zaum 100 - 400. Proteins tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm intramolecular. Lawv hu ua protein conformations.

Muaj plaub theem ntawm lub koom haum protein:

Lub hauv paus yog cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov amino acid residues txuas ua ke los ntawm cov ntawv cog lus muaj zog polypeptide.
Secondary - lub koom haum txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv qhov chaw mus rau hauv ib qho kauv los yog folded conformation.
Tertiary - ib txoj kev ntawm spatial nteg ntawm ib tug helical polypeptide saw, los ntawm folding lub thib ob qauv rau hauv ib lub pob.
Quaternary - collective protein (oligomer), uas yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob peb polypeptide chains ntawm ib tug tertiary qauv.

Cov duab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov protein tau muab faib ua 3 pawg:

fibrillary;
ntiaj teb;
daim nyias nyias.

Thawj hom ntawm cov proteins yog cross-linked threadlike molecules uas tsim cov fibers ntev ntev los yog cov txheej txheem txheej. Muab hais tias fibrillar proteins yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog txhua yam, lawv ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov proteins no yog cov plaub hau keratins thiab cov ntaub so ntswg collagens.

Globular proteins muaj ib los yog ntau dua polypeptide chains folded rau hauv ib tug compact ellipsoidal qauv. Cov no suav nrog cov enzymes, cov khoom thauj cov ntshav, thiab cov nqaijrog proteins.

Membrane tebchaw yog cov qauv polypeptide uas yog embedded nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm cell organelles. Cov tebchaw no ua haujlwm ntawm receptors, dhau qhov tsim nyog molecules thiab cov cim tshwj xeeb los ntawm qhov chaw.

Txog rau hnub tim, muaj ntau ntau cov proteins, txiav txim siab los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv lawv, cov qauv spatial thiab qhov sib lawv liag ntawm lawv qhov chaw.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ib txwm muaj, tsuas yog 20 alpha-amino acids ntawm L-series yuav tsum tau, 8 ntawm cov uas tsis yog tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Lub cev nqaij thiab tshuaj muaj zog

Cov qauv spatial thiab amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua cov protein txiav txim siab nws cov yam ntxwv physicochemical zog.

Proteins yog cov khoom uas tsim cov tshuaj colloidal thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv aqueous emulsions, cov proteins yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nqi hais, vim hais tias muaj xws li polar thiab ionic pawg (–NH2, –SH, –COOH, –OH). Tus nqi ntawm cov protein molecule nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm carboxyl (–COOH), amine (NH) residues thiab pH ntawm nruab nrab. Interestingly, cov qauv ntawm cov proteins ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm muaj ntau dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamic thiab aspartic), uas txiav txim siab lawv cov peev xwm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv aqueous daws.

Qee cov tshuaj muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm diamino acids (histidine, lysine, arginine), vim tias lawv coj tus cwj pwm hauv cov kua dej ua cov protein cations. Nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous, lub compound yog ruaj khov vim kev sib nrig sib repulsion ntawm hais nrog xws li nqi. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv hauv pH ntawm qhov nruab nrab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ionized pawg hauv cov protein.

Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, lub decomposition ntawm carboxyl pawg yog suppressed, uas ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo lub peev xwm ntawm cov protein particle. Hauv alkali, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ionization ntawm amine residues qeeb, vim qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov protein txo qis.

Ntawm ib qho pH, qhov thiaj li hu ua isoelectric point, alkaline dissociation yog sib npaug rau acidic, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov protein ntau sib sau ua ke thiab precipitate. Rau feem ntau peptides, tus nqi no yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov qauv nrog lub ntsej muag ntse ntawm cov khoom alkaline. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov proteins quav hauv qhov chaw acidic, thiab ib feem me me hauv ib qho alkaline.

Ntawm qhov taw tes isoelectric, cov proteins tsis ruaj khov hauv kev daws teeb meem thiab, vim li ntawd, coagulate yooj yim thaum rhuab. Thaum cov kua qaub los yog alkali ntxiv rau hauv cov protein ntau precipitated, cov molecules yog recharged, tom qab uas cov compound dissolves dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov proteins khaws lawv cov yam ntxwv tsuas yog ntawm qee qhov pH tsis nyob hauv nruab nrab. Yog hais tias daim ntawv cog lus uas tuav lub spatial qauv ntawm cov protein raug puas lawm, ces qhov kev txiav txim conformation ntawm cov khoom yog deformed, vim hais tias cov molecule yuav siv sij hawm ib tug random chaotic coil. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua denaturation.

Kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom ntawm cov protein ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev: qhov kub thiab txias, ultraviolet irradiation, muaj zog co, ua ke nrog cov protein ntau precipitants. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm denaturation, cov khoom lag luam poob nws cov haujlwm lom neeg, cov khoom ploj tsis rov qab los.

Proteins muab xim rau hauv chav kawm ntawm hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum cov tshuaj peptide ua ke nrog tooj liab sulfate thiab alkali, cov xim lilac tshwm (biuret cov tshuaj tiv thaiv), thaum cov proteins tau rhuab hauv nitric acid - daj tint (xantoprotein cov tshuaj tiv thaiv), thaum cuam tshuam nrog nitrate tov ntawm mercury - raspberry xim (Milon. tshuaj tiv thaiv). Cov kev tshawb fawb no yog siv los txheeb xyuas cov qauv protein ntawm ntau hom.

Hom proteins ua tau synthesis hauv lub cev

Tus nqi ntawm cov amino acids rau tib neeg lub cev tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm neurotransmitters, lawv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb kom raug, muab lub zog rau cov leeg, thiab tswj kom txaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov dej num nrog cov vitamins thiab minerals.

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas yog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Amino acids tsim cov enzymes, cov tshuaj hormones, hemoglobin, tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub synthesis ntawm cov proteins nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nyob tas li.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no raug tshem tawm yog tias cov hlwb tsis muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho tseem ceeb amino acid. Kev ua txhaum ntawm kev tsim cov proteins ua rau lub plab zom mov, kev loj hlob qeeb, kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis ruaj khov.

Feem ntau ntawm cov amino acids yog synthesized nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev nyob rau hauv lub siab. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo li no uas yuav tsum tau tuaj nrog zaub mov txhua hnub.

Qhov no yog vim kev faib cov amino acids hauv cov pawg hauv qab no:

irreplaceable;
semi-replaceable;
hloov tau.

Txhua pawg ntawm cov tshuaj muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Xav txog lawv hauv kev nthuav dav.

Qhov tseem ceeb Amino Acids

Ib tug neeg tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov organic tebchaw ntawm pab pawg no ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis lawv tsim nyog los tswj nws lub neej.

Yog li ntawd, cov amino acids no tau txais lub npe "tseem ceeb" thiab yuav tsum tsis tu ncua los ntawm sab nraud nrog zaub mov. Protein synthesis tsis muaj cov khoom siv hauv tsev no yog tsis yooj yim sua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov tsis muaj tsawg kawg ib qho sib xyaw ua rau cov kab mob metabolic, txo qis hauv cov leeg nqaij, lub cev hnyav, thiab nres ntawm cov protein ntau.

Cov amino acids tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tib neeg lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg ncaws pob thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb.

Valin. Nws yog ib qho kev tivthaiv ntawm cov ceg saw protein (BCAA). Valine yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev khiav ntawm cov leeg nqaij metabolism, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb. Siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob xyaum ua ke nrog leucine, isoleucine rau kev kho mob ntawm lub paj hlwb, daim siab, raug mob los ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj, cawv los yog tshuaj intoxication ntawm lub cev.
Leucine thiab Isoleucine. Txo cov ntshav qabzib, tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij, hlawv rog, ua haujlwm rau kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob, kho cov tawv nqaij thiab pob txha. Leucine, zoo li valine, koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem muab hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev tswj lub cev kev ua siab ntev thaum ua haujlwm hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, isoleucine yog xav tau rau kev sib txuas ntawm hemoglobin.
Threonine. Nws tiv thaiv fatty degeneration ntawm daim siab, koom nrog cov protein thiab rog metabolism, synthesis ntawm collagen, elastane, tsim cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg (enamel). Amino acid nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ARVI. Threonine muaj nyob rau hauv cov leeg pob txha, hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, lub plawv, txhawb lawv txoj haujlwm.
Methionine. Nws txhim kho kev zom zaub mov, koom nrog hauv kev ua cov rog, tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm hluav taws xob, txo cov tsos mob ntawm toxicosis thaum cev xeeb tub, thiab siv los kho mob rheumatoid mob caj dab. Cov amino acid koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov taurine, cysteine, glutathione, uas cuam tshuam thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom hauv lub cev. Methionine pab txo cov qib histamine hauv cov hlwb hauv cov neeg muaj kev fab tshuaj.
Tryptophan. Stimulates qhov tso tawm ntawm kev loj hlob hormone, txhim kho kev pw tsaug zog, txo cov teebmeem ntawm nicotine, stabilizes mus ob peb vas, yog siv rau lub synthesis ntawm serotonin. Tryptophan nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj peev xwm tig mus rau hauv niacin.
Lysine. Koom tes hauv kev tsim cov albumins, enzymes, cov tshuaj hormones, tshuaj tiv thaiv, kho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab tsim collagen. Cov amino acid no yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov proteins thiab yog tsim nyog los txo cov theem ntawm triglycerides nyob rau hauv cov ntshav cov ntshav, ib txwm pob txha tsim, tag nrho nqus ntawm calcium thiab thickening ntawm cov plaub hau qauv. Lysine muaj cov nyhuv antiviral, inhibiting kev loj hlob ntawm tus mob ua pa kab mob thiab herpes. Nws ua kom cov leeg muaj zog, txhawb nqa cov metabolism hauv nitrogen, txhim kho lub sijhawm luv luv, erection, libido. Ua tsaug rau nws cov khoom zoo, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid pab ua kom lub plawv noj qab haus huv, tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm atherosclerosis, pob txha pob txha, thiab qhov chaw mos herpes. Lysine ua ke nrog vitamin C, proline tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm lipoproteins, uas ua rau txhaws ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab ua rau cov hlab plawv pathologies.
Phenylalanine. Suppresses qab los noj mov, txo qhov mob, txhim kho mus ob peb vas, nco. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, phenylalanine muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau hauv cov amino acid tyrosine, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub synthesis ntawm neurotransmitters (dopamine thiab norepinephrine). Vim lub compound muaj peev xwm hla cov ntshav-hlwb barrier, nws yog feem ntau siv los kho cov kab mob neurological. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov amino acid yog siv los tawm tsam dawb foci ntawm depigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij (vitiligo), schizophrenia, thiab Parkinson tus kab mob.

Tsis muaj cov amino acids tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev ua rau:

kev loj hlob tuaj;
ua txhaum ntawm biosynthesis ntawm cysteine, proteins, raum, thyroid, paj hlwb;
dementia;
poob phaus;
phenylketonuria;
txo kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov ntshav hemoglobin;
kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Thaum ua si kis las, qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no txo qis kev ua kis las, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug mob.

Khoom noj khoom haus Qhov Tseem Ceeb Amino Acids

Table No. 1 "Cov khoom noj uas muaj cov proteins uas tseem ceeb"
Cov khoom npe	Amino ntsiab lus ib 100 grams ntawm cov khoom, grams
tryptophan	threonine	isoleucine	ntxhawj
Walnut	0,17	0,596	0,625	1,17
hazelnut	0,193	0,497	0,545	1,063
Almonds	0,214	0,598	0,702	1,488
Lub hleb	0,287	0,688	0,789	1,472
Lub npe Fistashki	0,271	0,667	0,893	1,542
Txiv laum huab xeeb	0,25	0,883	0,907	1,672
Txiv ntseej Brazilian	0,141	0,362	0,516	1,155
Ntoo thuv txiv ntoo	0,107	0,37	0,542	0,991
Txiv maj phaub	0,039	0,121	0,131	0,247
Sunflower noob	0,348	0,928	1,139	1,659
Taub dag noob	0,576	0,998	1,1281	2,419
Cov noob flax	0,297	0,766	0,896	1,235
Noob hnav noob	0,33	0,73	0,75	1,5
Cov noob poppy	0,184	0,686	0,819	1,321
Qhuav lentils	0,232	0,924	1,116	1,871
Dried mung taum	0,26	0,782	1,008	1,847
Qhuav chickpeas	0,185	0,716	0,828	1,374
Raw ntsuab peas	0,037	0,203	0,195	0,323
Soy qhuav	0,591	1,766	1,971	3,309
Tofu raw	0,126	0,33	0,4	0,614
Tofu nyuaj	0,198	0,517	0,628	0,963
Tofu kib	0,268	0,701	0,852	1,306
okara	0,05	0,031	0,159	0,244
Tempe	0,194	0,796	0,88	1,43
Natto	0,223	0,813	0,931	1,509
Miso	0,155	0,479	0,508	0,82
Taum dub	0,256	0,909	0,954	1,725
Taum liab	0,279	0,992	1,041	1,882
Pink taum	0,248	0,882	0,925	1,673
Pom taum	0,237	0,81	0,871	1,558
Taum dawb	0,277	0,983	1,031	1,865
Hlua taum	0,223	0,792	0,831	1,502
Nplej germinated	0,115	0,254	0,287	0,507
Cov Hmoov Nplej Tag Nrho	0,174	0,367	0,443	0,898
Nplej zom	0,188	0,392	0,57	0,999
Tag nrho cov khob cij mov ci	0,122	0,248	0,314	0,574
Rye qhob cij	0,096	0,255	0,319	0,579
Oats (flakes)	0,182	0,382	0,503	0,98
Mov nplej dawb	0,077	0,236	0,285	0,546
Xim av txhuv	0,096	0,275	0,318	0,62
Tsiaj txhuv nplej	0,179	0,469	0,618	1,018
Buckwheat ntsuab	0,192	0,506	0,498	0,832
Fried buckwheat	0,17	0,448	0,441	0,736
Mis nyuj (grain)	0,119	0,353	0,465	1,4
Barley ntxuav	0,165	0,337	0,362	0,673
Boil pob kws	0,023	0,129	0,129	0,348
nyuj sib nraus	0,04	0,134	0,163	0,299
Yaj lub kua mis	0,084	0,268	0,338	0,587
Khij	0,147	0,5	0,591	1,116
swiss cheese	0,401	1,038	1,537	2,959
cheddar tsev cheese	0,32	0,886	1,546	2,385
mozzarella	0,515	0,983	1,135	1,826
qe	0,167	0,556	0,641	1,086
Nqaij nyuj (filet)	0,176	1,07	1,219	2,131
Nqaij npuas (ham)	0,245	0,941	0,918	1,697
qaib	0,257	0,922	1,125	1,653
Qaib ntxhw	0,311	1,227	1,409	2,184
Dawb tuna	0,297	1,163	1,223	2,156
Salmon, ntses	0,248	0,969	1,018	1,796
Trout, Mikizha	0,279	1,092	1,148	2,025
Hiav txwv Atlantic	0,159	0,622	0,654	1,153

Txuas ntxiv ntawm cov lus 1 "Cov khoom lag luam nplua nuj nyob hauv cov proteins tseem ceeb"
Cov khoom npe	Amino ntsiab lus ib 100 grams ntawm cov khoom, grams
lysine	methionine	phenylalanine	valine
Walnut	0,424	0,236	0,711	0,753
hazelnut	0,42	0,221	0,663	0,701
Almonds	0,58	0,151	1,12	0,817
Lub hleb	0,928	0,362	0,951	1,094
Lub npe Fistashki	1,142	0,335	1,054	1,23
Txiv laum huab xeeb	0,926	0,317	1,337	1,082
Txiv ntseej Brazilian	0,492	1,008	0,63	0,756
Ntoo thuv txiv ntoo	0,54	0,259	0,524	0,687
Txiv maj phaub	0,147	0,062	0,169	0,202
Sunflower noob	0,937	0,494	1,169	1,315
Taub dag noob	1,236	0,603	1,733	1,579
Cov noob flax	0,862	0,37	0,957	1,072
Noob hnav noob	0,65	0,88	0,94	0,98
Cov noob poppy	0,952	0,502	0,758	1,095
Qhuav lentils	1,802	0,22	1,273	1,281
Dried mung taum	1,664	0,286	1,443	1,237
Qhuav chickpeas	1,291	0,253	1,034	0,809
Raw ntsuab peas	0,317	0,082	0,2	0,235
Soy qhuav	2,706	0,547	2,122	2,029
Tofu raw	0,532	0,103	0,393	0,408
Tofu nyuaj	0,835	0,162	0,617	0,64
Tofu kib	1,131	0,22	0,837	0,867
okara	0,212	0,041	0,157	0,162
Tempe	0,908	0,175	0,893	0,92
Natto	1,145	0,208	0,941	1,018
Miso	0,478	0,129	0,486	0,547
Taum dub	1,483	0,325	1,168	1,13
Taum liab	1,618	0,355	1,275	1,233
Pink taum	1,438	0,315	1,133	1,096
Pom taum	1,356	0,259	1,095	0,998
Taum dawb	1,603	0,351	1,263	1,222
Hlua taum	1,291	0,283	1,017	0,984
Nplej germinated	0,245	0,116	0,35	0,361
Cov Hmoov Nplej Tag Nrho	0,359	0,228	0,682	0,564
Nplej zom	0,324	0,236	0,728	0,635
Tag nrho cov khob cij mov ci	0,244	0,136	0,403	0,375
Rye qhob cij	0,233	0,139	0,411	0,379
Oats (flakes)	0,637	0,207	0,665	0,688
Mov nplej dawb	0,239	0,155	0,353	0,403
Xim av txhuv	0,286	0,169	0,387	0,44
Tsiaj txhuv nplej	0,629	0,438	0,721	0,858
Buckwheat ntsuab	0,672	0,172	0,52	0,678
Fried buckwheat	0,595	0,153	0,463	0,6
Mis nyuj (grain)	0,212	0,221	0,58	0,578
Barley ntxuav	0,369	0,19	0,556	0,486
Boil pob kws	0,137	0,067	0,15	0,182
nyuj sib nraus	0,264	0,083	0,163	0,206
Yaj lub kua mis	0,513	0,155	0,284	0,448
Khij	0,934	0,269	0,577	0,748
swiss cheese	2,585	0,784	1,662	2,139
cheddar tsev cheese	2,072	0,652	1,311	1,663
mozzarella	0,965	0,515	1,011	1,322
qe	0,912	0,38	0,68	0,858
Nqaij nyuj (filet)	2,264	0,698	1,058	1,329
Nqaij npuas (ham)	1,825	0,551	0,922	0,941
qaib	1,765	0,591	0,899	1,1
Qaib ntxhw	2,557	0,79	1,1	1,464
Dawb tuna	2,437	0,785	1,036	1,367
Salmon, ntses	2,03	0,654	0,863	1,139
Trout, Mikizha	2,287	0,738	0,973	1,283
Hiav txwv Atlantic	1,303	0,42	0,554	0,731

Lub rooj yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Ua Liaj Ua Teb - Tebchaws Asmeskas Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Hauv Tebchaws.

Semi-replaceable

Cov tshuaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv pawg no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub cev tsuas yog tias lawv tau muab cov khoom noj ib nrab. Txhua yam ntawm semi-tseem ceeb acids ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv.

Xav txog lawv hom.

Arginine. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws amino acids nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nws accelerates kho cov ntaub so ntswg puas, txo cov roj cholesterol thiab xav tau los tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov leeg, pob qij txha, thiab daim siab. Arginine nce kev tsim ntawm T-lymphocytes, uas ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ua raws li kev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kev taw qhia ntawm cov kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov amino acid txhawb detoxification ntawm daim siab, txo cov ntshav siab, slows down txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog, resists tsim ntawm cov ntshav txhaws, tsub kom potency thiab txhim khu cov hlab ntsha. Koom nrog hauv nitrogen metabolism, creatine synthesis thiab qhia rau cov neeg uas xav kom poob phaus thiab nce cov leeg nqaij. Arginine muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua dej seminal, connective ntaub so ntswg ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab hemoglobin. Kev tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw hauv tib neeg lub cev yog qhov txaus ntshai rau kev txhim kho cov ntshav qab zib mellitus, tsis muaj menyuam hauv cov txiv neej, ncua kev puberty, kub siab, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm arginine: chocolate, txiv maj phaub, gelatin, nqaij, mis nyuj, walnut, hom qoob mog, oats, txiv laum huab xeeb, kua.
Histidine. Muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev, enzymes. Koom tes hauv kev sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb thiab peripheral departments. Histidine yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev zom zaub mov ib txwm, txij li kev tsim cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ua tau tsuas yog nrog nws cov kev koom tes. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm autoimmune, kev tsis haum tshuaj. Qhov tsis muaj ib feem ua rau tsis hnov lus, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob caj dab rheumatoid. Histidine muaj nyob rau hauv cereals (nqaij, nplej), khoom noj siv mis, thiab nqaij.
Tyrosine. Txhawb kev tsim cov neurotransmitters, txo qhov mob ntawm lub sijhawm premenstrual, pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob, ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Cov amino acid txo qhov kev vam khom ntawm cov tshuaj narcotic, caffeine, pab tswj kev qab los noj mov thiab ua haujlwm ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim cov dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. Hauv cov synthesis protein, tyrosine ib nrab hloov phenylalanine. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov thyroid hormones. Amino acid deficiency slows cov txheej txheem metabolic, txo cov ntshav siab, ua rau qaug zog. Tyrosine muaj nyob rau hauv cov noob taub dag, almonds, oatmeal, txiv laum huab xeeb, ntses, avocados, taum pauv.
Cystine. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv beta-keratin - lub ntsiab yam ntxwv protein ntawm cov plaub hau, ntsia thawv daim hlau, daim tawv nqaij. Cov amino acid yog absorbed li N-acetyl cysteine thiab yog siv los kho tus neeg haus luam yeeb hnoos, septic shock, mob qog noj ntshav, thiab mob ntsws. Cystine tswj cov txheej txheem tertiary ntawm peptides, proteins, thiab kuj ua raws li lub zog antioxidant. Nws khi puas dawb radicals, tshuaj lom hlau, tiv thaiv hlwb los ntawm x-rays thiab hluav taws xob raug. Cov amino acid yog ib feem ntawm somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Cystine tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom noj hauv qab no: broccoli, dos, nqaij khoom, qe, qej, kua txob liab.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov amino acids ib nrab tseem ceeb yog qhov ua tau ntawm lawv cov kev siv los ntawm lub cev los tsim cov proteins tsis yog methionine, phenylalanine.

Sib pauv tau

Organic compounds ntawm chav kawm no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev ntawm nws tus kheej, npog qhov kev xav tau yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov tshuab. Hloov tau cov amino acids yog synthesized los ntawm cov khoom metabolic thiab absorbed nitrogen. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov cai niaj hnub, lawv yuav tsum tau ua txhua hnub hauv cov proteins nrog cov zaub mov.

Xav txog cov tshuaj twg muaj nyob rau hauv pawg no:

Alanine. Siv los ua lub zog, tshem tawm cov co toxins los ntawm lub siab, ua kom cov piam thaj hloov pauv sai. Tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm cov nqaij mos vim lub voj voog alanine, nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no: qabzib - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - qabzib. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, lub tsev tivthaiv ntawm cov protein ua kom muaj zog reserves, prolonging lub neej ntawm cov hlwb. Cov nitrogen ntau dhau thaum lub voj voog alanine raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev hauv cov zis. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, ua kom cov metabolism hauv cov kua qaub, suab thaj thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Qhov chaw ntawm alanine: cov khoom siv mis nyuj, avocados, nqaij, nqaij qaib, qe, ntses.
Glycine. Koom tes hauv kev tsim cov leeg nqaij, kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones, nce qib ntawm creatine hauv lub cev, txhawb kev hloov pauv cov piam thaj rau hauv lub zog. Collagen yog 30% glycine. Cellular synthesis yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm no compound. Qhov tseeb, yog tias cov ntaub so ntswg puas, tsis muaj glycine, tib neeg lub cev yuav tsis tuaj yeem kho qhov txhab. Qhov chaw ntawm cov amino acids yog: mis nyuj, taum, cheese, ntses, nqaij.
Glutamine. Tom qab hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov organic compound rau hauv glutamic acid, nws nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav-hlwb barrier thiab ua raws li ib tug roj rau lub hlwb ua hauj lwm. Cov amino acid tshem tawm cov co toxins los ntawm lub siab, nce GABA qib, tswj cov leeg nqaij, txhim kho cov concentration, thiab koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov lymphocytes. Kev npaj L-glutamine feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim lub cev los tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij los ntawm kev thauj cov nitrogen mus rau hauv nruab nrog cev, tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom ammonia thiab nce glycogen khw muag khoom. Cov tshuaj no yog siv los txo cov tsos mob ntawm kev qaug zog ntev, txhim kho kev xav tom qab, kho mob rheumatoid mob caj dab, peptic ulcer, cawv, impotence, scleroderma. Cov thawj coj hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm glutamine yog parsley thiab spinach.
Carnitine. khi thiab tshem tawm fatty acids los ntawm lub cev. Amino acid txhim khu kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov vitamins E, C, txo qhov hnyav, txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub plawv. Hauv tib neeg lub cev, carnitine yog tsim los ntawm glutamine thiab methionine hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum. Nws yog cov hauv qab no: D thiab L. Tus nqi loj tshaj plaws rau lub cev yog L-carnitine, uas ua rau kom cov permeability ntawm cell membranes rau fatty acids. Yog li, cov amino acid tsub kom kev siv lipids, slows down lub synthesis ntawm triglyceride molecules nyob rau hauv lub subcutaneous rog depot. Tom qab noj carnitine, lipid oxidation nce, cov txheej txheem ntawm poob adipose cov ntaub so ntswg tshwm sim, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog khaws cia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP. L-carnitine txhim kho kev tsim cov lecithin hauv daim siab, txo qis cov roj cholesterol, thiab tiv thaiv qhov tsos ntawm atherosclerotic plaques. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias cov amino acid no tsis yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev noj cov tshuaj tsis tu ncua tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm lub plawv pathologies thiab tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav lub neej ntev. Nco ntsoov, qib ntawm carnitine txo qis nrog lub hnub nyoog, yog li cov neeg laus yuav tsum ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov ntxiv qhia txog kev noj zaub mov ntxiv rau hauv lawv cov khoom noj txhua hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yog synthesized los ntawm cov vitamins C, B6, methionine, hlau, lysine. Qhov tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj no ua rau tsis muaj L-carnitine hauv lub cev. Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm cov amino acids: nqaij qaib, qe yolks, taub dag, noob hnav, yaj, tsev cheese, qaub cream.
Asparagine. Xav tau rau cov synthesis ntawm ammonia, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb. Cov amino acid muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj siv mis, asparagus, whey, qe, ntses, txiv ntseej, qos yaj ywm, nqaij qaib nqaij.
Aspartic acid. Koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm arginine, lysine, isoleucine, tsim cov roj thoob ntiaj teb rau lub cev - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uas muab lub zog rau cov txheej txheem intracellular. Aspartic acid nkoos zus tau tej cov neurotransmitters, tsub kom lub concentration ntawm nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), uas yog tsim nyog los tswj cov kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab lub paj hlwb. Cov compound yog synthesized ntawm nws tus kheej, thaum nws cov concentration hauv hlwb tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm suav nrog cov khoom hauv qab no hauv kev noj haus: qab zib, mis nyuj, nqaij nyuj, nqaij qaib.
Glutamic acid. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws excitatory neurotransmitter nyob rau hauv tus txha caj qaum. Cov organic compound yog koom nrog hauv kev txav ntawm cov poov tshuaj hla cov ntshav-hlwb barrier rau hauv cov kua cerebrospinal thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism hauv triglycerides. Lub hlwb muaj peev xwm siv glutamate ua roj. Lub cev xav tau kev noj zaub mov ntxiv ntawm cov amino acids ntxiv nrog rau kev qaug dab peg, kev nyuaj siab, cov tsos ntawm cov plaub hau grey thaum ntxov (txog 30 xyoo), kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm glutamic acid: walnuts, txiv lws suav, nceb, nqaij nruab deg, ntses, yogurt, cheese, txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav.
Proline Stimulates collagen synthesis, yog xav tau rau kev tsim ntawm pob txha mos cov ntaub so ntswg, accelerates kho cov txheej txheem. Proline qhov chaw: qe, mis nyuj, nqaij. Cov neeg tsis noj nqaij tau qhia kom noj cov amino acid nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Serin. Tswj cov cortisol hauv cov leeg nqaij, koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, immunoglobulins, serotonin, txhawb kev nqus ntawm creatine, ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov roj metabolism. Serine txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Cov khoom noj tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids: zaub qhwv, zaub qhwv, txiv ntoo, qe, mis nyuj, taum pauv, koumiss, nqaij nyuj, nplej, txiv laum huab xeeb, nqaij qaib.

Yog li, cov amino acids tau koom nrog hauv txhua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev. Ua ntej yuav khoom noj khoom haus, nws raug nquahu kom sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias noj tshuaj ntawm cov amino acids, txawm hais tias nws yog suav tias yog kev nyab xeeb, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm exacerbate cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv.

Hom protein los ntawm keeb kwm

Niaj hnub no, cov nram qab no hom protein yog txawv: qe, whey, zaub, nqaij, ntses.

Xav txog cov lus piav qhia ntawm lawv txhua tus.

Qe. suav tias yog qhov ntsuas ntawm cov proteins, tag nrho lwm cov proteins yog cov txheeb ze rau nws vim nws muaj qhov digestibility siab tshaj plaws. Cov yolk muaj xws li ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, thiab albumin yog cov protein tivthaiv. Cov qe nqaij nyoos tsis pom zoo rau cov neeg uas muaj plab zom mov. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv muaj ib tug inhibitor ntawm lub enzyme trypsin, uas slows down lub digestion ntawm cov zaub mov, thiab cov protein avidin, uas txuas lub tseem ceeb vitamin H. Lub resulting compound yog tsis absorbed los ntawm lub cev thiab yog excreted. Yog li ntawd, cov kws noj zaub mov hais kom siv qe dawb tsuas yog tom qab kev kho cua sov, uas tso cov khoom noj los ntawm biotin-avidin complex thiab rhuav tshem trypsin inhibitor. Qhov zoo ntawm cov protein no: nws muaj qhov nqus nruab nrab (9 grams tauj ib teev), cov amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg, pab txo lub cev hnyav. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm nqaij qaib qe protein suav nrog lawv cov nqi siab thiab ua xua.
Mis nyuj. Proteins nyob rau hauv pawg no muaj qhov sib tawg siab tshaj plaws (10-12 grams tauj ib teev) ntawm tag nrho cov proteins. Tom qab noj cov khoom raws li whey, hauv thawj teev, qib ntawm peptides thiab amino acids hauv cov ntshav nce ntau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kua qaub-forming ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab tsis hloov, uas tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov roj tsim thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem digestive. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tib neeg cov nqaij leeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb (valine, leucine thiab isoleucine) yog ze tshaj rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm whey proteins. Hom protein no txo cov roj cholesterol, nce glutathione, muaj tus nqi qis dua lwm hom amino acids. Lub ntsiab tsis zoo ntawm whey protein yog qhov nqus sai ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, uas ua rau nws pom zoo kom coj nws ua ntej lossis tam sim ntawd tom qab kev cob qhia. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov protein yog qab zib whey tau txais thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov rennet cheeses. Distinguishes concentrate, cais, whey protein hydrolyzate, casein. Thawj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yog tsis txawv los ntawm siab purity thiab muaj cov rog, lactose, uas txhawb kev tsim roj. Cov protein ntau hauv nws yog 35-70%. Vim li no, whey protein concentrate yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev thaiv hauv kev ua kis las noj mov. Isolate yog ib yam khoom uas muaj qib siab dua ntawm kev ua kom huv, nws muaj 95% cov protein ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, unscrupulous manufacturers qee zaum dag los ntawm kev muab kev sib xyaw ntawm kev sib cais, mloog zoo, hydrolyzate li whey protein. Yog li ntawd, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xyuas, nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev sib cais yuav tsum yog tib yam. Hydrolyzate yog hom kim tshaj plaws ntawm whey protein, uas yog npaj rau tam sim ntawd nqus thiab sai sai nkag mus rau hauv cov leeg nqaij. Casein, thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv lub plab, hloov mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, uas tawg rau lub sijhawm ntev (4-6 grams tauj ib teev). Vim yog cov cuab yeej no, cov protein tau suav nrog hauv cov qauv me nyuam mos, txij li nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cev kom ruaj khov thiab sib npaug, thaum muaj kev sib txuam ntawm cov amino acids ua rau muaj kev sib txawv hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam.
Zaub. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov proteins nyob rau hauv xws li cov khoom yog tsis tiav, nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog txhua lwm yam lawv tsim ib tug tag nrho cov protein (qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke yog legumes + nplej). Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm yog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tiv thaiv kab mob osteoporosis, saturate lub cev nrog cov vitamins E, B, phosphorus, hlau, potassium, zinc. Thaum noj, soy protein txo qis cov roj cholesterol, daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog prostate o, thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov qog nqaij hlav malignant hauv lub mis. Nws yog qhia rau cov neeg txom nyem los ntawm intolerance rau cov khoom siv mis nyuj. Rau kev tsim cov additives, soy cais (muaj 90% protein), soy concentrate (70%), soy hmoov (50%) yog siv. Tus nqi ntawm cov protein nqus yog 4 grams tauj ib teev. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov amino acid muaj xws li: kev ua haujlwm estrogenic (vim qhov no, cov tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj los ntawm cov txiv neej hauv koob tshuaj loj, vim tias kev ua me nyuam tuaj yeem tshwm sim), muaj trypsin, uas ua rau kev zom zaub mov qeeb. Cov nroj tsuag uas muaj phytoestrogens (cov tshuaj uas tsis yog-steroidal zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv rau poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones): flax, licorice, hops, liab clover, alfalfa, liab grapes. Zaub protein kuj muaj nyob rau hauv zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo (cab, pomegranates, txiv apples, carrots), cereals thiab legumes (nqaij, alfalfa, lentils, flax noob, oats, nplej, soy, barley), dej qab zib (npias, bourbon). Feem ntau hauv kev ua kis las Cov zaub mov siv taum pauv protein. Nws yog ib qho purified heev cais uas muaj ntau tshaj ntawm cov amino acid arginine (8,7% ib gram ntawm cov protein) txheeb ze rau whey, soy, casein thiab qe khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, txiv laum huab xeeb yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv glutamine, lysine. Tus nqi ntawm BCAAs hauv nws nce mus txog 18%. Interestingly, nplej protein txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hypoallergenic pea protein, siv hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov neeg noj zaub mov nyoos, ncaws pob, thiab cov neeg tsis noj nqaij.
Nqaij. Tus nqi ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv nws nce mus txog 85%, ntawm uas 35% yog irreplaceable amino acids. Nqaij protein yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm xoom rog cov ntsiab lus, muaj qib siab ntawm kev nqus.
Ntses. Qhov no complex yog pom zoo siv los ntawm ib tug tib neeg. Tab sis nws yog qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg ncaws pob siv cov protein kom npog cov kev xav tau niaj hnub, txij li cov ntses protein cais tawm mus rau cov amino acids 3 zaug ntev dua li casein.

Yog li, txhawm rau txo qhov hnyav, nce cov leeg nqaij, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm kev nyem yog pom zoo kom siv cov protein ntau. Lawv muab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov amino acids tam sim ntawd tom qab noj.

Cov neeg ncaws pob rog rog uas nquag tsim rog yuav tsum nyiam 50-80% qeeb protein ntau dua cov protein sai. Lawv lub ntsiab spectrum ntawm kev txiav txim yog tsom rau kev noj haus mus sij hawm ntev ntawm cov leeg.

Casein nqus tau qeeb dua whey protein. Vim li no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov ntshav nce zuj zus thiab khaws cia ntawm qib siab rau 7 teev. Tsis zoo li casein, whey protein yog absorbed sai dua nyob rau hauv lub cev, uas tsim lub zog tshaj tawm ntawm lub compound nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv (ib nrab teev). Yog li ntawd, nws raug pom zoo kom coj nws los tiv thaiv catabolism ntawm cov leeg nqaij protein tam sim ua ntej thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tawm dag zog.

Ib txoj haujlwm nruab nrab yog nyob ntawm qe dawb. Txhawm rau saturate cov ntshav tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tawm dag zog thiab tswj kom muaj cov protein ntau tom qab lub zog ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog whey cais tawm, ib qho amino acid sai sai. Qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm peb cov proteins no tshem tawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw, ua ke tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Feem ntau sib xws nrog whey soy protein.

Tus nqi rau txiv neej

Lub luag haujlwm uas cov proteins ua si hauv cov kab mob muaj sia yog qhov zoo heev uas nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem xav txog txhua txoj haujlwm, tab sis peb yuav qhia luv luv txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv.

Kev tiv thaiv (lub cev, tshuaj, tiv thaiv kab mob). Proteins tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev phom sij ntawm cov kab mob, co toxins, kab mob, ua rau lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum cov proteins tiv thaiv cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom txawv teb chaws, cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov kab mob yog neutralized. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov proteins tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm fibrinogen coagulation hauv cov ntshav plasma, uas ua rau kev tsim cov ntshav txhaws thiab txhaws ntawm qhov txhab. Vim qhov no, thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev npog, cov protein tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov ntshav poob.
catalytic. Tag nrho cov enzymes, lub npe hu ua biological catalysts, yog cov proteins.
Kev thauj mus los. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa oxygen yog hemoglobin, cov ntshav protein. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm yam amino acids nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim tebchaw nrog cov vitamins, cov tshuaj hormones, rog, ua kom lawv xa mus rau cov hlwb, cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
Noj zaub mov zoo. Lub npe hu ua cov protein tshwj xeeb (casein, albumin) yog cov khoom noj rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab.
Hormonal. Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj hormones hauv tib neeg lub cev (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) yog cov proteins.
Lub tsev Keratin - lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov plaub hau, collagen - connective ntaub so ntswg, elastin - cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Proteins ntawm cytoskeleton muab cov duab rau organelles thiab hlwb. Feem ntau cov txheej txheem proteins yog filamentous.
Tsav. Actin thiab myosin (cov leeg nqaij protein) koom nrog hauv kev so thiab kev cog lus ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Proteins tswj kev txhais lus, splicing, qhov kev siv ntawm cov noob transcription, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm tes txav los ntawm lub voj voog. Lub cev muaj zog cov proteins yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txav ntawm lub cev, kev txav ntawm cov hlwb ntawm qib molecular (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), kev thauj mus los hauv lub cev (kinesin, dynein).
Teeb liab. Qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm cytokines, kev loj hlob yam, cov tshuaj hormones proteins. Lawv xa cov cim ntawm lub cev, kab mob, cov hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg.
Receptor. Ib feem ntawm cov protein receptor tau txais ib qho teeb meem ntxhov siab, lwm qhov cuam tshuam thiab txhawb kev hloov pauv. Yog li, cov tebchaw catalyze cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, khi intracellular mediating molecules, ua haujlwm raws li ion channel.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov haujlwm saum toj no, cov proteins tswj cov qib pH ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv, ua raws li lub zog cia, xyuas kom muaj kev loj hlob, kev tsim tawm ntawm lub cev, tsim lub peev xwm xav.

Ua ke nrog triglycerides, cov proteins koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov cell membranes, nrog rau cov carbohydrates hauv kev tsim cov secrets.

Protein hluavtaws

Protein synthesis yog txheej txheem nyuaj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ribonucleoprotein hais ntawm lub cell (ribosomes). Proteins yog hloov los ntawm cov amino acids thiab macromolecules nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encrypted nyob rau hauv cov noob (nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus).

Txhua cov protein muaj cov enzyme residues, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm nucleotide ib theem zuj zus ntawm genome uas encodes ib feem ntawm lub cell. Txij li thaum DNA yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus, thiab protein synthesis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub lom cim xeeb code rau ribosomes yog kis los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb intermediary hu ua mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv rau theem.

Hloov cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA rau i-RNA (transcription). Hauv cov hlwb prokaryotic, genome rewriting pib nrog kev lees paub ntawm ib qho DNA nucleotide ib ntus los ntawm RNA polymerase enzyme.
Ua kom cov amino acids. Txhua "precursor" ntawm cov protein, siv ATP lub zog, yog txuas los ntawm covalent bonds nrog thauj RNA molecule (t-RNA). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, t-RNA muaj cov nucleotides sib txuas ua ke - anticodons, uas txiav txim siab tus kheej cov cai caj ces (triplet-codon) ntawm cov activated amino acid.
Protein khi rau ribosomes (pib). Ib qho i-RNA molecule uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov protein tshwj xeeb yog txuas mus rau ib qho me me ribosome particle thiab ib qho pib amino acid txuas rau qhov sib thooj t-RNA. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom thauj macromolecules sib koom ua ke rau i-RNA triplet, uas qhia txog qhov pib ntawm cov saw protein.
elongation ntawm polypeptide saw (elongation). Kev tsim cov khoom tawg ntawm cov protein tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov amino acids rau cov saw hlau, thauj mus rau ribosome siv thauj RNA. Nyob rau theem no, cov qauv kawg ntawm cov protein yog tsim.
Nres qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov saw hlau polypeptide (kev txiav tawm). Kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim cov protein yog qhia los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb triplet ntawm mRNA, tom qab ntawd cov polypeptide raug tso tawm los ntawm ribosome.
Folding thiab protein ua. Txhawm rau txais yuav tus yam ntxwv qauv ntawm polypeptide, nws spontaneously coagulates, tsim nws spatial configuration. Tom qab kev sib txuas ntawm ribosome, cov protein tau hloov kho tshuaj (ua haujlwm) los ntawm cov enzymes, tshwj xeeb, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, thiab tyrosine.

Cov proteins uas tau tsim tshiab muaj cov khoom tawg ntawm polypeptide thaum kawg, uas ua raws li cov cim qhia tias cov khoom ncaj qha mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov protein yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm cov noob, uas, ua ke nrog cov qauv tsim, tsim ib pawg enzymatic hu ua operon. Cov txheej txheem no yog tswj los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas lawv, yog tias tsim nyog, ua ke. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no nrog tus neeg teb xov tooj ua rau kev thaiv cov noob tswj, thiab vim li ntawd, qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm operon. Lub teeb liab kom rov pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom nrog inductor hais.

Tus nqi niaj hnub

Table № 2 "Tib neeg xav tau cov protein"
Pawg neeg	Noj cov protein txhua hnub, grams
tsiaj txhu	Zaub	Tag nrho cov
6 hli mus rau 1 xyoo	25
Txij li 1 txog 1,5 xyoos	36	12	48
1,5 - 3 xyoo	40	13	53
3 - 4 xyoo	44	19	63
5 - 6 xyoo	47	25	72
7 - 10 xyoo	48	32	80
11 - 13 xyoo	58	38	96
14 cov tub-17 xyoo	56	37	93
14 cov ntxhais - 17 xyoo	64	42	106
cev xeeb tub cov poj niam	65	12	109
niam laus	72	48	120
Txiv neej (cov tub ntxhais kawm)	68	45	113
Cov poj niam (cov tub ntxhais kawm)	58	38	96
Ncaws pob
cov txiv neej	77-86	68-94	154-171
Cov poj niam	60-69	51-77	120-137
Cov txiv neej koom nrog lub cev hnyav	66	68	134
Txiv neej mus txog 70 xyoo	48	32	80
Cov txiv neej laus dua 70 xyoo	45	30	75
Cov poj niam mus txog 70 xyoo	42	28	70
Cov poj niam laus dua 70 xyoo	39	26	65

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, lub cev xav tau cov protein nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, lub cev, thiab kev tawm dag zog. Qhov tsis muaj protein ntau hauv cov khoom noj ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.

Hloov pauv hauv tib neeg lub cev

Protein metabolism yog ib txheej txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein hauv lub cev: kev zom zaub mov, kev zom zaub mov, assimilation hauv lub plab zom mov, nrog rau kev koom tes hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab uas xav tau rau kev txhawb nqa lub neej. Muab hais tias cov protein metabolism tswj, sib koom ua ke, thiab tswj cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv cov protein.

Lub siab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peptide metabolism. Yog tias lub cev lim dej tsis koom nrog cov txheej txheem no, tom qab 7 hnub qhov tshwm sim tuag tshwm sim.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev khiav ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic.

Amino acid deamination. Cov txheej txheem no yog tsim nyog los hloov cov txheej txheem protein ntau rau hauv cov rog thiab carbohydrates. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic, cov amino acids raug hloov mus rau hauv cov keto acids sib xws, tsim ammonia, ib qho khoom los ntawm decomposition. Lub deanimation ntawm 90% ntawm cov qauv protein tshwm sim hauv daim siab, thiab qee zaum hauv ob lub raum. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog branched saw amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine), uas ua rau cov metabolism hauv cov leeg pob txha.
Urea tsim. Ammonia, uas tau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm deamination ntawm amino acids, yog tshuaj lom rau tib neeg lub cev. Neutralization ntawm cov tshuaj lom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim siab nyob rau hauv lub enzymes uas hloov nws mus rau hauv uric acid. Tom qab ntawd, urea nkag mus rau hauv lub raum, los ntawm qhov uas nws tawm nrog rau cov zis. Cov seem ntawm cov molecule, uas tsis muaj nitrogen, hloov mus rau hauv qabzib, uas tso tawm lub zog thaum nws tawg.
Kev sib hloov ntawm cov hom amino acids hloov tau. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm biochemical tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim siab (reductive amination, transamination ntawm keto acids, amino acid transformations), tsim ntawm hloov thiab conditionally tseem ceeb protein qauv, uas them rau lawv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov.
Synthesis ntawm plasma proteins. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntshav proteins, tshwj tsis yog globulins, yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim siab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv thiab tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntau yog albumins thiab ntshav coagulation yam. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev zom cov protein nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua ntu zus ntawm cov enzymes proteolytic rau lawv kom muab cov khoom tawg tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav los ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv plab.

Kev tawg ntawm cov protein pib hauv lub plab nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (pH 1,5-2), uas muaj cov enzyme pepsin, uas ua rau cov hydrolysis ntawm peptide bonds ntawm cov amino acids. Tom qab ntawd, kev zom zaub mov tseem nyob hauv duodenum thiab jejunum, qhov twg pancreatic thiab plab hnyuv kua txiv (pH 7,2-8,2) uas muaj cov enzyme tsis ua haujlwm ua ntej (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase) nkag. Lub plab hnyuv mucosa tsim cov enzyme enteropeptidase, uas ua rau cov proteases. Proteolytic tshuaj kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov hnyuv mucosa, uas yog vim li cas lub hydrolysis ntawm me me peptides tshwm sim tom qab kawg nqus.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, 95-97% ntawm cov protein tau tawg mus rau hauv cov amino acids dawb, uas yog absorbed hauv cov hnyuv. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj lossis tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm proteases, undigested protein nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv loj, qhov twg nws nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem lwj.

tsis muaj protein ntau

Proteins yog ib chav kawm ntawm high-molecular nitrogen-muaj cov tebchaw, ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Kev txiav txim siab tias cov proteins yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg, cov khoom nruab nrog cev, kev sib txuas ntawm hemoglobin, enzymes, peptide cov tshuaj hormones, cov txheej txheem ntawm metabolic tshua, lawv tsis muaj kev noj haus ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub cev.

Cov tsos mob ntawm qhov tsis muaj protein ntau:

hypotension thiab muscular dystrophy;
kev tsis taus;
txo cov thickness ntawm daim tawv nqaij quav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshaj cov leeg triceps ntawm lub xub pwg nyom;
hnyav hnyav;
kev puas hlwb thiab lub cev rog;
o (puab, thiab tom qab ntawd pom tseeb);
txias txias;
txo qis ntawm daim tawv nqaij turgor, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws ua qhuav, flabby, lethargic, wrinkled;
deterioration ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov plaub hau (poob, thinning, dryness);
tsis qab los noj mov;
qhov txhab kho mob tsis zoo;
tsis tu ncua ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis los yog nqhis dej;
impaired kev txawj ntse (nco, mloog);
tsis muaj qhov hnyav nce (hauv cov menyuam yaus).

Nco ntsoov, cov cim qhia ntawm ib daim ntawv me me ntawm cov protein tsis muaj peev xwm yuav tsis tuaj yeem mus ntev los yog yuav raug muab zais.
Txawm li cas los xij, txhua theem ntawm cov protein tsis txaus yog nrog los ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cellular tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev kis kab mob.

Yog li ntawd, cov neeg mob feem ntau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov kab mob ua pa, mob ntsws, gastroenteritis, thiab pathologies ntawm cov kab mob urinary. Nrog rau lub sij hawm tsis txaus ntawm nitrogenous tebchaw, ib daim ntawv loj ntawm cov protein-zog tsis muaj zog tsim, nrog los ntawm kev txo qis hauv qhov ntim ntawm myocardium, atrophy ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg subcutaneous, thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm qhov chaw intercostal.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov mob hnyav ntawm cov protein tsis txaus:

qeeb mem tes;
deterioration nyob rau hauv kev nqus ntawm cov protein thiab lwm yam tshuaj vim tsis txaus synthesis ntawm enzymes;
txo lub plawv ntim;
ntshav tsis txaus;
ua txhaum ntawm qe implantation;
kev loj hlob qeeb (hauv cov menyuam mos);
kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov qog endocrine;
kev cuam tshuam los ntawm hormonal;
kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob;
exacerbation ntawm inflammatory txheej txheem vim impaired synthesis ntawm kev tiv thaiv yam tseem ceeb (interferon thiab lysozyme);
txo qhov ua pa.

Qhov tsis muaj protein ntau hauv kev noj zaub mov tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam rau cov menyuam yaus lub cev: kev loj hlob qeeb, kev tsim pob txha raug cuam tshuam, kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb qeeb.

Muaj ob hom kev tsis muaj protein ntau hauv cov menyuam yaus:

Insanity (qhuav protein deficiency). Tus kab mob no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev mob hnyav ntawm cov leeg nqaij thiab cov nqaij mos subcutaneous (vim kev siv cov protein), kev loj hlob qeeb, thiab poob phaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, puffiness, qhia meej lossis zais, tsis muaj nyob hauv 95% ntawm cov neeg mob.
Kwashiorkor ( cais cov protein tsis txaus). Thaum pib, tus me nyuam muaj apathy, irritability, lethargy. Tom qab ntawd, kev loj hlob qeeb, cov leeg nqaij hypotension, fatty degeneration ntawm daim siab, thiab txo qis hauv cov ntaub so ntswg turgor. Nrog rau qhov no, edema tshwm, npog qhov hnyav poob, hyperpigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tev ntawm qee qhov ntawm lub cev, thiab cov plaub hau thinning. Feem ntau, nrog kwashiorkor, ntuav, raws plab, anorexia, thiab thaum mob hnyav, coma lossis stupor tshwm sim, uas feem ntau xaus rau hauv kev tuag.

Nrog rau qhov no, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm cov protein tsis txaus.

Yog vim li cas rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov protein deficiency

Tej yam laj thawj rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov protein deficiency yog:

cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo lossis qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus (kev noj haus, kev tshaib kev nqhis, lean-rau-protein zaub mov, noj zaub mov tsis zoo);
congenital metabolic ntshawv siab ntawm amino acids;
nce protein ntau los ntawm cov zis;
ntev tsis muaj kab kawm;
kev ua txhaum ntawm cov protein synthesis vim mob pathologies ntawm daim siab;
cawv, kev quav yeeb tshuaj;
kub hnyiab heev, los ntshav, kis kab mob;
impaired absorption ntawm protein nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv.

Protein-zog deficiency yog ob hom: thawj thiab theem nrab. Thawj qhov teeb meem yog vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov as-ham rau hauv lub cev, thiab qhov thib ob - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo lossis noj tshuaj uas cuam tshuam cov synthesis ntawm enzymes.

Nrog rau theem me thiab nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsis muaj protein ntau (thawj), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshem tawm qhov ua tau ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm pathology. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nce cov protein ntau txhua hnub (hauv kev faib ua feem rau qhov pom ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav), sau cov khoom noj ntawm multivitamin complexes. Thaum tsis muaj cov hniav lossis qhov txo qis hauv qab los noj mov, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw ntxiv yog siv rau kev sojntsuam lossis kev pub mis rau tus kheej. Yog tias tsis muaj protein ntau yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm kev mob raws plab, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau cov neeg mob muab cov tshuaj yogurt. Tsis muaj teeb meem nws pom zoo kom haus cov khoom siv mis nyuj vim qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm lub cev ua cov lactose.

Cov ntaub ntawv hnyav ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab thib ob xav tau kev kho mob hauv tsev kho mob, txij li kev kuaj sim yog tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem. Txhawm rau kom paub meej qhov ua rau ntawm pathology, qib ntawm soluble interleukin-2 receptor hauv cov ntshav lossis C-reactive protein yog ntsuas. Plasma albumin, daim tawv nqaij antigens, tag nrho cov lymphocyte suav, thiab CD4 + T-lymphocytes kuj tau sim los pab kom paub meej txog keeb kwm thiab txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob yog ua raws li kev tswj hwm kev noj haus, kho cov dej thiab electrolyte tshuav nyiaj li cas, tshem tawm cov kab mob sib kis, saturation ntawm lub cev nrog cov as-ham. Kev txiav txim siab tias qhov tsis muaj protein ntau tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev kho tus kab mob uas ua rau nws txoj kev loj hlob, qee zaum, cov khoom noj khoom haus parenteral lossis tube tau muab tshuaj nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kho cov tshuaj vitamin yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau npaum li cas ob zaug ib hnub twg ntawm tus neeg noj qab nyob zoo.

Yog tias tus neeg mob muaj anorexia los yog qhov ua rau tsis ua haujlwm tsis tau raug txheeb xyuas, cov tshuaj uas ua kom qab los noj mov ntxiv. Txhawm rau nce cov leeg nqaij, kev siv cov tshuaj anabolic steroids tau txais (hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob). Restoration ntawm protein tshuav nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus tshwm sim maj mam, tshaj 6-9 lub hlis. Hauv cov menyuam yaus, lub sijhawm rov ua kom tiav yuav siv sijhawm 3-4 lub hlis.

Nco ntsoov, txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tsis muaj protein ntau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muaj cov khoom lag luam protein ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm hauv koj cov khoom noj txhua hnub.

Overdose

Kev noj cov zaub mov uas muaj protein ntau ntau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Ib qho overdose ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov tsis muaj tsawg txaus ntshai tshaj qhov tsis muaj nws.

Cov tsos mob ntawm cov protein ntau hauv lub cev:

exacerbation ntawm lub raum thiab lub siab teeb meem;
poob qab los noj mov, ua pa;
nce tshee sai sai;
copious menstrual flow (hauv poj niam);
qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tshem tawm qhov hnyav dhau;
muaj teeb meem nrog cov hlab plawv;
nce rotting nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv.

Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ua txhaum ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov protein uas siv nitrogen tshuav. Yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm nitrogen coj mus rau hauv thiab tawm yog sib npaug, tus neeg tau hais kom muaj qhov zoo sib npaug. Tsis zoo tshuav nyiaj li cas qhia tau hais tias tsis txaus los yog tsis zoo nqus cov protein, uas ua rau hlawv ntawm tus kheej protein. Qhov no tshwm sim underlies txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qaug zog.

Ib me ntsis ntawm cov protein ntau nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, yuav tsum tau kom muaj ib tug ib txwm nitrogen tshuav nyiaj li cas, tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Hauv qhov no, ntau cov amino acids yog siv los ua lub zog. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsis muaj kev tawm dag zog lub cev rau tib neeg feem ntau, kev noj cov protein ntau tshaj 1,7 grams ib 1 kilogram ntawm lub cev hnyav pab hloov cov protein ntau rau hauv cov tshuaj nitrogenous (urea), qabzib, uas yuav tsum tau tawm los ntawm lub raum. Ib qho nyiaj ntau dhau ntawm lub tsev tivthaiv ua rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid ntawm lub cev, qhov nce hauv kev poob ntawm calcium. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsiaj protein feem ntau muaj purines, uas tuaj yeem tso rau hauv cov pob qij txha, uas yog qhov ua ntej rau kev loj hlob ntawm gout.

Kev noj ntau dhau ntawm cov protein hauv tib neeg lub cev yog qhov tsawg heev. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv ib txwm noj zaub mov, qib high-qib proteins (amino acids) yog heev tsis tshua muaj.

FAQ

Dab tsi yog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag proteins?

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj txhu ntawm cov protein yog tias lawv muaj tag nrho cov amino acids tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau lub cev, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv concentrated. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov protein no yog qhov tau txais cov nyiaj ntau dhau ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv, uas yog 2-3 zaug ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm feem ntau muaj cov khoom tsis zoo (hormones, tshuaj tua kab mob, rog, roj cholesterol), uas ua rau muaj kev lom ntawm lub cev los ntawm cov khoom lwj, ntxuav tawm "calcium" los ntawm cov pob txha, tsim kom muaj kev thauj khoom ntxiv ntawm daim siab.

Zaub proteins zoo absorbed los ntawm lub cev. Lawv tsis muaj cov khoom xyaw tsis zoo uas tuaj nrog cov tsiaj proteins. Txawm li cas los xij, cog cov proteins tsis yog yam tsis muaj lawv qhov tsis zoo. Cov khoom lag luam feem ntau (tshwj tsis yog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo) ua ke nrog cov rog (hauv cov noob), muaj cov khoom tsis tiav ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb.

Cov protein twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws absorbed hauv tib neeg lub cev?

Qe, qib ntawm kev nqus mus txog 95 - 100%.
Yog '- 85-95%.
Nqaij, ntses - 80 - 92%.
Yog '- 60-80%.
Yog '- 50-80%.
Yog '- 40-60%.

Qhov sib txawv no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub plab zom mov tsis tsim cov enzymes tsim nyog rau kev tawg ntawm txhua hom protein.

Dab tsi yog cov lus pom zoo rau kev noj cov protein?

Npog cov kev xav tau ntawm lub cev txhua hnub.
Xyuas kom meej tias cov protein sib txawv tuaj nrog cov khoom noj.
Tsis txhob ua phem rau kev noj cov protein ntau dhau lub sijhawm ntev.
Tsis txhob noj cov zaub mov muaj protein ntau thaum hmo ntuj.
Muab cov proteins ntawm zaub thiab tsiaj keeb kwm. Qhov no yuav txhim kho lawv qhov nqus.
Rau cov neeg ncaws pob ua ntej kev cob qhia kom kov yeej cov khoom hnyav, nws raug nquahu kom haus cov protein-nplua nuj co co. Tom qab chav kawm, gainer pab ntxiv cov as-ham reserves. Kev ua si ntxiv nce qib ntawm carbohydrates, amino acids hauv lub cev, txhawb kev rov qab sai ntawm cov leeg nqaij.
Cov tsiaj proteins yuav tsum muaj li 50% ntawm cov khoom noj txhua hnub.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov khoom ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov protein, cov dej yuav tsum muaj ntau dua li kev ua kom tawg thiab ua rau lwm yam khoom noj. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj dej, koj yuav tsum haus 1,5-2 litres ntawm cov kua uas tsis yog carbonated ib hnub twg. Txhawm rau tswj cov dej-ntsev sib npaug, cov neeg ncaws pob raug pom zoo kom haus 3 liv dej.

Cov protein ntau npaum li cas tuaj yeem zom tau hauv ib lub sijhawm?

Ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev pub noj ntau zaus, muaj kev xav tias tsis pub ntau tshaj 30 grams ntawm cov protein tuaj yeem nqus tau rau ib pluas noj. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias ib tug loj ntim loads lub digestive ib ntsuj av thiab nws yog tsis muaj peev xwm tiv nrog digestion ntawm cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov tsis ntseeg.

Tib neeg lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug zaum muaj peev xwm kov yeej ntau tshaj 200 grams protein. Ib feem ntawm cov protein yuav mus koom rau hauv cov txheej txheem anabolic lossis SMP thiab yuav muab khaws cia ua glycogen. Qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov yog tias cov protein ntau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, qhov ntev nws yuav zom, tab sis txhua yam yuav nqus tau.

Cov protein ntau ntau ua rau muaj roj deposits hauv daim siab, nce excitability ntawm cov qog endocrine thiab lub hauv paus paj hlwb, txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm lwj, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub raum.

xaus

Proteins yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg, kab mob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Proteins yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm, lub cev muaj zog, kev thauj mus los, lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv metabolic. Cov tebchaw koom nrog hauv kev nqus ntawm cov zaub mov, vitamins, rog, carbohydrates, nce kev tiv thaiv thiab ua haujlwm ua cov khoom siv rau cov leeg nqaij.

Kev noj zaub mov kom txaus txhua hnub (saib Daim duab 2 "Human Need for Protein") yog tus yuam sij rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv txhua hnub.

Cov nqaijrog