Lub zog siab ntawm cov phab ntsa thaum ub ntawm Tuam Tshoj tau muab los ntawm mov nplej, uas cov neeg tsim khoom ntxiv rau cov txiv qaub mortar. Ib qho sib xyaw uas muaj cov carbohydrate amylopectin tuaj yeem yog lub ntiaj teb thawj cov khoom siv organic-inorganic sib xyaw.
Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, lossis cov khoom sib xyaw - cov khoom siv ntau yam khoom siv uas tso cai rau koj los ua ke cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv cov khoom, twb dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho vaj tse ntawm tib neeg cov zej zog. Lub peculiarity ntawm composites yog tias lawv muab cov ntsiab lus txhawb zog uas muab cov yam ntxwv tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas uas ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom txhawb nqa. Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho (cov pob zeb siv dag zog) thiab hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv (txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txhuam ntawm qhov chaw thiab pistons), hauv aviation thiab astronautics, hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej thiab cov pas nrig.
Tab sis pes tsawg xyoo yog cov khoom sib xyaw thiab lawv tau ua haujlwm sai npaum li cas? Thawj qhov uas los rau hauv siab yog cov cib qub ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, tab sis sib xyaw nrog cov quav cab (uas tsuas yog "kev sib khi matrix"), siv nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias cov qauv tsim no tau zoo dua li cov niaj hnub tsis sib xws, lawv tseem tsis zoo tag nrho thiab yog li luv luv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg ntawm "cov khoom qub qub" tsis txwv rau qhov no. Suav cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas kom paub tias qhov tsis pub leejtwg paub ntawm cov mortar thaum ub, uas ua kom lub zog ntawm Tuam Tsev Loj Loj ntawm Tuam Tshoj tiv thaiv lub siab ntawm ntau pua xyoo, kuj yog nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw.
Ancient technology yog kim heev, tab sis siv tau.
Mortar tau tsim los siv cov nplej qab zib, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tais diav Asian niaj hnub. Ib pawg xibfwb ntawm lub cev chemistry Bingjiang Zhang pom tias cov neeg tsim khoom siv cov nplaum nplaum ua los ntawm cov nplej thaum ntxov li 1,5 xyoo dhau los. Ua li no, mov nplej tau tov nrog cov khoom xyaw li niaj zaus rau kev daws - slaked txiv qaub (calcium hydroxide), tau los ntawm calcining limestone (calcium carbonate) ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tom qab ntawd slaking qhov tshwm sim calcium oxide (quicklime) nrog dej.
Tej zaum mov mortar yog lub ntiaj teb thawj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas ua ke cov organic thiab inorganic Cheebtsam.
Nws muaj zog thiab tiv taus los nag ntau dua li cov txiv qaub mortar zoo tib yam thiab yeej yog qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Nws tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb: qhov ntxa, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov phab ntsa hauv nroog, qee qhov uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no thiab tiv thaiv ntau qhov av qeeg muaj zog thiab kev rhuav tshem los ntawm cov tsheb bulldozers niaj hnub no.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas kom paub cov "active tshuaj" ntawm cov nplej tov. Nws hloov tawm mus rau amylopectin, ib tug polysaccharide uas muaj ceg chains ntawm qabzib molecules, ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm starch.
"Kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tau pom tias cov tshuaj khib hauv cov masonry thaum ub yog cov khoom siv organic-inorganic. Kev sib xyaw ua ke tau txiav txim siab los ntawm thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy thiab scanning electron microscopy. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias amylopectin tsim cov microstructure ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv tsis zoo, uas muab cov khoom tsim muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj, "hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb Suav hauv ib tsab xov xwm.
Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, lawv sau tseg, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Romans, volcanic plua plav tau siv los ntxiv dag zog rau mortar. Yog li, lawv ua tiav qhov ruaj khov ntawm kev daws rau dej - nws tsis yaj hauv nws, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsuas yog hardened. Cov thev naus laus zis no tau nthuav dav hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Western Asia, tab sis tsis tau siv hauv Suav teb, vim tsuas yog tsis muaj cov khoom tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, Suav cov neeg tsim khoom tau tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej los ntawm kev tsim cov organic nplej ntxiv.
Ntxiv nrog rau keeb kwm muaj nuj nqis, qhov kev tshawb pom kuj tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus siv tau. Qhov kev npaj ntawm kev xeem kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub mortar qhia tau hais tias nws tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws txhais tau tias rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm ancient vaj tse, qhov uas nws yog feem ntau tsim nyog los hloov cov khoom sib txuas nyob rau hauv cib los yog masonry.