Cov integuments yog txheej txheej ntawm lub cev. Hauv tib neeg, nws yog daim tawv nqaij thiab nws cov appendages xws li integuments: plaub hau, plaub hau, rau tes. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov integuments yog los tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Kev piav qhia.

Cov integuments yog txheej txheej ntawm lub cev. Lawv ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv ntau yam kev tawm tsam los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab ntau yam qauv los yog daim tawv nqaij appendages.

Cov tawv nqaij yog tsim los ntawm 3 txheej uas los ntawm 2 cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm txawv embryological keeb kwm: lub ectoderm thiab mesoderm. Cov 3 daim tawv nqaij no yog:

• epidermis (pom nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij);
• dermis (nyob rau hauv lub epidermis);
• hypodermis (deepest txheej).

Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub integument yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, pib ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas yog txog 2², hnyav 4 mus rau 10 kg rau cov neeg laus. Lub thickness ntawm daim tawv nqaij, 2 hli nyob rau nruab nrab, nws txawv ntawm 1 hli nyob rau theem ntawm daim tawv muag mus rau 4 hli nyob rau theem ntawm ob txhais tes thiab ob txhais taw.

Cov tawv nqaij yog lub ntsiab integument. Nws yog tsim los ntawm 3 txheej: epidermis, dermis thiab hypodermis.

Lub epidermis, qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij

Lub epidermis yog nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws muaj cov epithelium thiab cov hlwb txuas ntawm ectodermal keeb kwm. Nws yog lub ntsiab tiv thaiv qauv ntawm lub cev. Lub epidermis tsis yog vascularized. Qee cov qauv tsim muaj feem xyuam nrog nws, xws li integuments (cov rau tes, plaub hau, plaub hau, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov qog nqaij hlav.

Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub epidermis yog lub basal txheej. Nws yog npog nrog cov kab mob hu ua keratinocyte (cov cell uas tsim cov keratin). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, keratin tsub zuj zuj hauv cov hlwb ua rau lawv tuag. Ib txheej ntawm cov hlwb tuag hu ua stratum corneum npog qhov chaw ntawm lub epidermis. Cov txheej impermeable no tiv thaiv lub cev thiab tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm desquamation.

Nyob rau hauv lub epidermal basal txheej yog cov hlab ntsha xaus txuam nrog paj hlwb nyob rau hauv lub epidermis los yog Merckel hlwb.

Lub epidermis tseem muaj melanocytes uas tsim cov melanin nplej uas tso cai rau UV tiv thaiv thiab muab cov tawv nqaij nws cov xim.

Saum lub basal txheej yog prickly txheej uas muaj Langerhans hlwb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv kab mob. Sab saum toj txheej pos yog granular txheej (surmounted los ntawm stratum corneum).

Lub dermis, cov ntaub so ntswg txhawb nqa

Le daim tawv nqaij yog cov ntaub so ntswg txhawb nqa ntawm epidermis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm mesodermal keeb kwm. Nws zoo nkaus li looser dua li cov epidermis. Nws muaj cov receptors rau kev nkag siab ntawm kov thiab daim tawv nqaij appendages.

Nws yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov epidermis ua tsaug rau nws cov vascularization: endowed nrog ntau cov ntshav thiab lymphatic hlab ntsha, nws ua kom cov pa oxygen thiab cov as-ham rau cov qauv ntawm integumentary system thiab rov qab cov khoom pov tseg (CO.², ureas, thiab lwm yam) rau lub cev huv huv (lub ntsws, lub raum, thiab lwm yam). Nws kuj koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha pob txha (los ntawm dermal ossification).

Lub dermis yog tsim los ntawm ob hom intertwined fibers: collagen fibers thiab elastin fibers. Collagen koom nrog hauv hydration ntawm dermis thaum elastin muab nws lub zog thiab ua haujlwm. Cov fibers no secreted los ntawm fibroblasts.

Nerve endings hla lub dermis thiab koom nrog epidermis. Tseem muaj cov corpuscles sib txawv:

• Meissner's corpuscles (sensitive rau kov);
• Ruffini's corpuscles (rhiab rau cua sov);
• Pacini's corpuscles (siab rhiab heev).

Thaum kawg, lub dermis muaj ntau hom pigment hlwb (hu ua chromatophores).

Lub hypodermis, ib txheej tob

L'hypoderme yog ze ze rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij yam tsis muaj tiag tiag yog ib feem ntawm nws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose (ntawm mesodermal keeb kwm) raws li nws muaj nyob rau hauv lwm cheeb tsam ntawm lub cev. Cov ntaub so ntswg zoo li lub dermis looser dua li cov epidermis.

Cov tawv nqaij appendages yog nyob rau hauv lub dermis.

Lub pilosebaceous apparatus

Qhov no suav nrog:

• ntawm cov plaub hau follicle uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov plaub hau;
• cov qog sebaceous uas tsim cov sebum;
• lub suboriparous apocrine caj pas uas nqa cov lus olfactory;
• ntawm cov leeg pilomotor uas ua rau cov plaub hau ncaj.

Lub eccrine hws apparatus

Nws tsim tawm hws tawm los ntawm qhov pores.

Tus ntsia thawv apparatus

Nws tsim cov ntsia hlau.

Integument ua haujlwm ntau hauv lub cev:

• Kev tiv thaiv UV, dej thiab av noo (txheej txheem dej tsis zoo), kev raug mob, kab mob, thiab lwm yam.;
• Sensory muaj nuj nqi : sensory receptors nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij tso cai rau rhiab heev rau tshav kub, siab, kov, thiab lwm yam .;
• Synthesis ntawm vitamin D;
• Excretion ntawm cov khoom thiab pov tseg;
• Kev cai cua sov (los ntawm evaporation ntawm hws thiaj li tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lwm yam).