Calligraphy: Cov kab hauv lub neej

Peb yuav luag tsis nco qab yuav ua li cas sau nrog tus cwj mem - nws yooj yim dua los ntaus thiab kho cov ntawv hauv computer. Cov hom kab mob epistolary tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog txias thiab tsis muaj ntsej muag, tab sis yog li siv tau thiab yooj yim e-mail. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kos duab ntawm calligraphy thaum ub thiab ua tsis tau zoo tag nrho tab tom muaj kev hloov pauv tiag tiag.

Koj puas xav hloov lub suab, nres, tsom rau koj tus kheej, koj tus ntsuj plig, koj lub siab? Siv daim ntawv calligraphy. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog los ntawm kev sau cov kab nrog txoj kab nqes zoo meej. Thiab koj tuaj yeem tsis lees paub tus qauv. "Tsis txhob siv zog ua ib qho kev kos duab, tab sis mus rau hauv daim ntawv nrog lub siab xav tsis meej - ua tus taw," hais tias tus kws kos duab thiab sau ntawv Evgeny Dobrovinsky. "Nws tsis yog qhov tshwm sim uas tau txais, tab sis cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb."

Kev sau ntawv tsis yog "kev sau ntawv zoo nkauj", tsis yog cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj, tab sis yog ib qho kev kos duab uas ua ke nrog tus tswv cov khoom siv tes ua thiab nws tus cwj pwm, kev xav hauv ntiaj teb thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Raws li nyob rau hauv tej kev kos duab, convention reigns ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm cov ntawv sau npe hu ua - kev ntseeg, kev xav, paj huam, qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws tsis yog cov ntsiab lus, tab sis ci ntsa iab thiab nthuav tawm. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub uas kev sau ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb kom meej thiab pom tseeb - hauv kev sau ntawv, kev nyeem ntawv yooj yim yog deb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Tus kws sau ntawv suav zoo Wang Xizhi (303–361) piav qhia qhov txawv li no: “Ib tsab ntawv zoo tib yam xav tau cov ntsiab lus; calligraphy qhia tus ntsuj plig thiab kev xav, qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws yog daim ntawv thiab piav tes piav taw. "

Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm Suav calligraphy (nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv Nyiv thiab Kauslim Teb) thiab Arabic, uas, tsis muaj exaggeration, kuj tseem hu ua kev coj ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Qhov no siv rau qhov tsawg dua rau Latin calligraphy.

Medieval cov xibhwb uas theej phau Vajlugkub tau ua tiav cov txuj ci zoo hauv kev kos duab ntawm cov ntawv sau, tab sis kev txhim kho ntawm kev luam ntawv thiab kev kov yeej ntawm cov khoom siv ntiaj teb pom yuam kev sau ntawv tsis siv neeg Western. Niaj hnub no, Latin thiab Slavic calligraphy uas tshwm sim los ntawm nws yog ze dua rau cov duab kos duab. "Latin calligraphy yog 90 feem pua ​​​​zoo nkauj thiab style," piav qhia Yevgeny Bakulin, tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Suav calligraphy ntawm Moscow Tea Culture Club. "Suav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej." Rau cov neeg Suav, kev nkag siab ntawm "kos duab ntawm kev mob stroke" yog ib txoj hauv kev tau txais kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv Arabic kev vam meej, "kos duab ntawm kab" yog kiag li dawb ceev: cov ntawv nyeem yog suav hais tias yog txoj kev rau Allah. Kev txav ntawm tus calligrapher txhais tes txuas ib tus neeg nrog lub ntsiab lus siab dua, los saum ntuj los.

Suav calligraphy: lub neej los ua ntej

Suav hieroglyphs (los ntawm Greek hierogliphoi, "dawb huv inscriptions ntawm pob zeb") yog schematic dluab, ua tsaug rau cov tswv yim ntawm cov khoom thiab phenomena uas tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub txiv neej tau nqis los rau peb los ntawm ancient sij hawm. Suav calligrapher tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv tsis paub, tab sis nrog cov tswv yim embodied. Yog li, los ntawm cov kab cim cov kwj deg los nag, lub hieroglyph "dej" yog tsim. Cov paib "txiv neej" thiab "ntoo" ua ke txhais tau tias "so".

"Ua ntej koj sau "paj xyoob", koj yuav tsum tau cog rau hauv koj tus kheej," qhia tus kws sau paj lug thiab sau ntawv Su Shi (1036-1101). Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog kos duab tsis muaj sketches thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kho: thawj qhov kev sim yuav yog qhov kawg tib lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog qhov kev tshwm sim siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no. Ib qho kev txav los ntawm kev xav, kev tshoov siab thiab kev xav tob.

Lub ritual ntawm kev npaj pab txhawb rau immersion nyob rau hauv tus kheej. François Cheng tus kws sau paj lug hais tias, "Kuv qhib tus cwj mem, xaiv txhuam thiab ntawv," Ib yam li lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua hauv Suav, txhawm rau xyaum sau ntawv, koj yuav tsum xav tias lub zog tseem ceeb chi ncig hauv lub cev txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau hauv daim ntawv.

Lub cev ntawm tus calligrapher pab lub zog tsis muaj zog: ob txhais taw nyob hauv pem teb, lub hauv caug sib nrug me ntsis, lub nraub qaum ncaj tsis kov lub nraub qaum ntawm lub rooj zaum, lub plab tsis so ntawm ntug ntawm lub rooj, sab laug nyob rau hauv qab ntawm daim ntawv, sab tes xis tuav tus cwj mem vertically.

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau ntawv "Thiab ua tsis taus pa ua ib qho cim"* Francois Chen piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qi, lub cev thiab kab: "Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais lub sij hawm sib npaug ntawm qhov nro thiab so, thaum nrog exhalation lub zog rolls nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm. yoj los ntawm lub diaphragm hla lub xub pwg mus rau dab teg thiab swb tawm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus txhuam: yog li kev txav mus los thiab sensuality ntawm cov kab.

Hauv calligraphy, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis yog los tsim cov ntawv zoo nkauj tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, tab sis kom hnov ​​​​lub suab ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab ua pa ntawm lub neej rau hauv daim ntawv dawb. Ua ntej hnub nyoog 30 xyoo, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom dhau los ua tus paub txog kev sau ntawv. Qhov no tsis yog "kev kos duab rau kev kos duab", tab sis yog txoj hauv kev rau kev txawj ntse. Tsuas yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 50 xyoo, tau mus txog kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig, tus neeg tuaj yeem paub nws lub ntsiab lus. “Los ntawm kev xyaum nws, koj ua tiav koj lub siab. Lub siab xav ua kom dhau ntawm kev sau ntawv tus neeg uas zoo tshaj rau koj ntawm sab ntsuj plig yuav raug puas tsuaj, "Su Shi qhia.

Arabic calligraphy: paub ua pa

Cia peb txav los ntawm hieroglyphs mus rau cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic, hloov txhuam rau kalam (reed cwj mem), Taoism rau Islam. Txawm hais tias Arabic calligraphy tau tshwm sim ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus yaj saub, nws tshuav nws txoj kev vam meej rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm Qur'an. Vim tias tsis lees txais ib qho duab ntawm Vajtswv li kev pe mlom, cov ntawv sau ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau dhau los ua qhov pom kev sib luag, ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm Vajtswv thiab tib neeg, ib daim ntawv uas tus neeg nkag siab txog Vajtswv. Surah Lub Clot (1-5) hais tias: “Nyeem ntawm koj tus Tswv lub npe … uas tau muab kev paub txog kev sau ntawv reed. Muab kev paub rau txiv neej txog qhov nws tsis paub txog.

Calligraphy yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo heev ntawm kev mloog lus, qhov twg lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua raws li Allah lub siab nyiam, thiab yog li ntawd lo lus ntawm Vajtswv qhia nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv, yog coj raws li lub hauv paus. Kev kawm txuj ci no yog txheej txheem ntev thiab nyuaj. Thawj xyoo, cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis kov kalam, tsuas yog saib tus xibfwb xwb. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau lub hli dhau los, lawv tsim "alif", qhov sib npaug ntawm peb tsab ntawv "a", uas yog kab ntsug. Nws ntev ua lub hauv paus rau kev kos ib feem, yam tsis muaj kev sau ntawv tsis xav txog.

Cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic tsuas yog 28 tsab ntawv xwb. Lub uniqueness ntawm Arabic calligraphy nyob rau hauv kaum ob ntawm canonized handwritings, los yog styles. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua XNUMXth, geometric style "Kufi", tau txais kev sau ntawv suras ntawm Kaulees, dominated. Kev nruj "naskh" thiab lus "rika" tam sim no nrov.

Hassan Massoudy, tus kws sau ntawv sau npe nrov nyob sab Europe piav qhia tias "thawj kauj ruam yog kawm kom ntes cov sab hauv, pom tsis pom kev, kev txav chaw zais hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Lub cev tag nrho yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem. Tab sis lub peev xwm ua pa yog qhov tseem ceeb: tus neeg sau ntawv yuav tsis tso cai rau nws tus kheej ua pa kom txog thaum nws ua tiav tsab ntawv lossis ua tiav kab. Kalam, uas yog tuav obliquely, yuav tsum ua ke nrog tes, ua nws txuas ntxiv. Nws yog hu ua li ntawd - "cov lus ntawm tes", thiab rau kev muaj nws yuav tsum hardness thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm saj zawg zog ntawm tes.

Ua ntej ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Kaulees los yog ib tug poetic ua hauj lwm, tus calligrapher yog imbued nrog nws cov ntsiab lus. Nws kawm cov ntawv los ntawm lub siab, thiab ua ntej nqa tus cwj mem, tso qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig nws, ua tiav qhov kev xav tias "txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig tau ploj mus," Massoudi hais. “Nws mloog, xav txog nws tus kheej hauv qhov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob. Divine kev tshoov siab ntes nws thaum nws pom nws tus kheej hauv qhov chaw: lub sijhawm no nws tau mus xyuas los ntawm kev pom, lub cev ua hnyav, txhais tes soars dawb, thiab nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub ntsiab lus qhia rau nws hauv tsab ntawv.