Peb twb tau taw qhia saum toj no tias Rousseau thiab Tolstoy sib npaug nkag siab txog kev ywj pheej thiab kev quab yuam ua qhov tseeb ntawm kev kawm. Tus me nyuam twb muaj kev ywj pheej, dawb los ntawm xwm, nws txoj kev ywj pheej yog qhov tseeb npaj txhij, tsuas yog stifled los ntawm lwm qhov tseeb ntawm arbitrary human coercion. Nws yog txaus kom tshem tawm qhov kawg no, thiab kev ywj pheej yuav sawv, ci nrog nws tus kheej lub teeb. Li no lub tswv yim tsis zoo ntawm kev ywj pheej raws li qhov tsis muaj kev quab yuam: kev tshem tawm ntawm kev quab yuam txhais tau tias txoj kev ywj pheej. Yog li qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws: kev ywj pheej thiab kev quab yuam yeej tsis suav nrog ib leeg, tsis tuaj yeem nyob ua ke.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev quab yuam kuj tau nkag siab los ntawm ob peb cov neeg xav dhau qhov nqaim thiab sab nraud. Kev quab yuam uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv "kev kawm zoo" thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv kev qhuab qhia yog qhov tseeb tsuas yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev quab yuam dav dav uas txhawb nqa qhov tsis ruaj khov thiab npaj siab ua raws li ib puag ncig tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam nrog lub nplhaib ntom ntom ntawm cov cuam tshuam nyob ib puag ncig nws. Yog li ntawd, kev quab yuam, lub hauv paus tseeb uas yuav tsum tau nrhiav tsis yog sab nraud ntawm tus menyuam, tab sis hauv nws tus kheej, tuaj yeem raug rhuav tshem tsuas yog los ntawm kev cog qoob loo hauv ib tus neeg lub zog sab hauv uas tuaj yeem tiv taus kev quab yuam, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog tshem tawm kev quab yuam, ntawm qhov tsim nyog ib txwm. ib nrab.
Precisely vim hais tias kev quab yuam tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tsuas yog los ntawm kev maj mam loj hlob ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm, kev ywj pheej tsis yog qhov tseeb, tab sis lub hom phiaj, tsis yog muab, hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kawm. Thiab yog tias muaj, ces qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev kawm dawb los yog yuam kev poob, thiab kev ywj pheej thiab kev quab yuam tig tawm tsis yog qhov sib txawv, tab sis kev sib koom ua ke. Kev kawm tsis tuaj yeem tab sis raug quab yuam, vim yog kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev quab yuam, uas peb tau hais los saum toj no. Kev quab yuam yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej, tsim tsis yog los ntawm tib neeg, tab sis los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus txiv neej, uas yog yug los tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, cuam tshuam rau lo lus ntawm Rousseau, tab sis yog qhev ntawm kev quab yuam. Ib tug neeg yug los ua qhev ntawm qhov muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig nws, thiab kev dim ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm kev ua neej tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej thiab, tshwj xeeb, kev kawm.
Yog li ntawd, peb lees paub tias kev quab yuam yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev kawm, nws tsis yog vim peb xav tau kev quab yuam lossis xav tias nws ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj nws, tab sis vim peb xav kom tshem tawm nws hauv txhua daim ntawv thiab tsis yog hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas peb xav. tshem tawm. Rousseau thiab Tolstoy. Txawm hais tias Emile tuaj yeem raug cais tsis yog los ntawm kab lis kev cai xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm Jean-Jacques nws tus kheej, nws yuav tsis yog ib tug neeg dawb, tab sis yog ib tug qhev rau qhov xwm txheej nyob ib puag ncig nws. Precisely vim hais tias peb nkag siab txog kev quab yuam ntau dua, peb pom nws qhov twg Rousseau thiab Tolstoy tsis pom nws, peb pib los ntawm nws raws li qhov tsis muaj tseeb, tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm lawv. Peb yog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm kev quab yuam ntau dua li Rousseau thiab Tolstoy, thiab qhov tseeb yog vim li cas peb pib los ntawm kev quab yuam, uas yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg coj mus rau kev ywj pheej. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev quab yuam, qhov tsis muaj tseeb ntawm kev kawm, nrog kev ywj pheej raws li nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb - qhov no yog txoj haujlwm tseeb ntawm kev kawm. Kev ywj pheej raws li ib txoj hauj lwm tsis cais, tab sis presupposes qhov tseeb ntawm coercion. Precisely vim hais tias kev tshem tawm ntawm kev quab yuam yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm, kev quab yuam yog qhov pib ntawm txoj kev kawm. Txhawm rau qhia tias txhua qhov kev quab yuam tuaj yeem ua li cas thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej, uas tsuas yog kev quab yuam tau txais nws lub ntsiab lus qhia tseeb, yuav tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntxiv.
Yog li ntawd, peb sawv cev rau "kev kawm yuam kev" li cas? Puas yog qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev thuam ntawm "zoo", kev yug ntxov ntxov thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv uas ua txhaum tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab peb tsis muaj dab tsi los kawm ntawm Rousseau thiab Tolstoy? Tau kawg tsis. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kawm dawb nyob rau hauv nws qhov tseem ceeb yog unfading, pedagogical xav tau hloov kho thiab yuav hloov mus ib txhis los ntawm nws, thiab peb pib los ntawm kev nthuav tawm qhov zoo tagnrho no tsis yog rau kev thuam, uas ib txwm yooj yim, tab sis vim. peb ntseeg hais tias qhov zoo tagnrho no yuav tsum dhau mus. Tus kws qhia ntawv uas tsis tau ntsib qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho, uas, yam tsis tau xav txog thaum kawg, ua ntej, zoo li tus txiv neej laus, twb paub tag nrho nws qhov tsis txaus, tsis yog tus kws qhia ntawv tseeb. Tom qab Rousseau thiab Tolstoy, nws tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug rau kev kawm yuam kev, thiab tsis tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov lus dag ntawm kev quab yuam sib nrauj los ntawm kev ywj pheej. Kev quab yuam los ntawm ntuj tsim nyog, kev kawm yuav tsum muaj kev ywj pheej raws li txoj haujlwm ua hauv nws.