Dub truffle (Tuber melanosporum)
- Department: Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
- Kev faib tawm: Pezizomycotina (Pezizomycotins)
- Qib: Pezizomycetes (Pezizomycetes)
- Subclass: Pezizomycetidae (Pezizomycetes)
- Kev txiav txim: Pezizales (Pezizales)
- Tsev neeg: Tuberaceae (Truffle)
- Hom: Tuber (Truffle)
- hom: Tuber melanosporum (Dub truffle)
- Dub Fabkis txoj truffle
- Perigord truffle (los ntawm thaj tsam keeb kwm ntawm Perigord hauv Fab Kis)
- Tiag tiag dub Fabkis truffle
Truffle dub, (lat. tub melanosporum or tub nig) yog cov nceb ntawm genus Truffle (lat. Tuber) ntawm tsev neeg Truffle (lat. Tuberaceae).
Muaj txog peb caug ntau yam ntawm truffles, tsuas yog yim ntawm uas yog nthuav los ntawm kev ua noj ua haus pom. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog Perigord dub truffle Tuber melanosporum. Txawm hais tias qhov qhia ncaj qha ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv lub npe, cov tsiaj no tau faib tsis yog hauv Perigord, tab sis kuj nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Fabkis, nrog rau Ltalis thiab Spain. Rau lub sijhawm ntev nws tau ntseeg tias truffles tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus ntoo, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv yog cov nceb marsupial uas muaj ob yam ntxwv. Ua ntej, truffle hlob nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm 5-30 centimeters, uas ua rau nws nyuaj heev nrhiav. Thiab qhov thib ob, cov kab mob no tsuas tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov av tsis zoo calcareous thiab tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib koom tes nrog cov ntoo, thiab hauv kev xaiv "tus khub lub neej" truffle tsis tshua muaj neeg xaiv thiab nyiam koom tes nrog cov ntoo qhib thiab hazel. Cov nroj tsuag muab cov fungus nrog cov as-ham tsim nyog, thiab mycelium cia li ntim cov hauv paus hniav ntawm tsob ntoo thiab yog li txhim kho lawv lub peev xwm nqus cov ntxhia ntsev thiab dej, thiab tseem tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tag nrho lwm cov nroj tsuag nyob ib ncig ntawm tsob ntoo tuag, lub thiaj li hu ua "witch's lub voj voog" yog tsim, uas qhia tau hais tias lub teb chaws belongs rau nceb.
Tsis muaj leej twg pom lawv loj hlob li cas. Txawm yog cov uas sau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Vim hais tias tag nrho lub neej ntawm ib tug truffle tshwm sim nyob rau hauv av thiab yog kiag li nyob ntawm cov ntoo los yog shrubs, cov hauv paus hniav ntawm uas yog lub tiag tiag breadwinners ntawm cov nceb, sib koom carbohydrate reserves nrog lawv. Muaj tseeb, hu rau truffles freeloaders yuav tsis ncaj ncees. Lub vev xaib ntawm filaments ntawm mycelium ntawm fungus, enveloping cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag, pab nws kom tshem tawm cov dej noo ntxiv thiab, ntxiv rau, tiv thaiv txhua yam kab mob microbial, xws li phytophthora.
Cov truffle dub yog ib qho tsaus, yuav luag dub tuber; nws cov nqaij yog lub teeb thaum xub thawj, ces darkens (mus rau ib tug liab doog-dub xim nrog dawb streaks).
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev yog hauv av, tuberous, puag ncig los yog tsis xwm yeem nyob rau hauv cov duab, 3-9 cm inch. Qhov saum npoo yog reddish-xim av, tom qab mus rau thee-dub, tig rusty thaum nias. Npog nrog ntau me me irregularities nrog 4-6 facets.
Cov nqaij yog tawv, pib lub teeb, grey los yog pinkish-xim av nrog ib tug dawb los yog reddish marble qauv ntawm kev txiav, darkens nrog spores thiab ua tsaus xim av mus rau dub-violet nrog lub hnub nyoog, cov leeg nyob rau hauv nws nyob. Nws muaj ib tug muaj zog tus yam ntxwv aroma thiab ib tug qab ntxiag saj nrog ib tug iab tint.
Spore hmoov yog xim av tsaus, spores 35 × 25 µm, fusiform los yog oval, nkhaus.
Mycorrhiza sib sau nrog ntoo qhib, tsawg dua nrog lwm cov ntoo deciduous. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv deciduous hav zoov nrog calcareous av ntawm ib tug tob ntawm ob peb centimeters mus rau ib nrab ib 'meter'. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim hauv Fabkis, central Ltalis thiab Spain. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, qhov pom ntawm dub truffles yog paub nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam, tab sis lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws (cov departments ntawm Dordogne, Lot, Gironde), lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob yog nyob rau hauv lub southeastern department ntawm Vaucluse.
Cultivated nyob rau hauv Suav teb.
Lub zog tsis hnov tsw ntawm dub truffle attracts feral npua, uas khawb li fruiting lub cev thiab txhawb kev sib kis ntawm spores. Nyob rau hauv truffles, liab ya larvae tsim, cov neeg laus kab feem ntau swarm saum av, qhov no yuav siv tau los mus nrhiav rau fruiting lub cev.
Lub caij: txij thaum pib lub Kaum Ob Hlis mus txog Lub Peb Hlis 15, cov khoom sau feem ntau yog ua nyob rau thawj lub hlis ntawm lub xyoo.
Dub truffles yog ib txwm sau nrog kev pab los ntawm kev cob qhia npua, tab sis txij li thaum cov tsiaj no rhuav tshem cov av hauv hav zoov, dev kuj tau kawm rau lub hom phiaj no.
Rau gourmets, lub zog muaj zog ntawm cov nceb no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ib txhia nco ntsoov hav zoov dampness thiab ib tug me ntsis kab ntawm cawv nyob rau hauv tsis hnov tsw ntawm dub truffles, lwm tus neeg - ib tug ntxoov ntxoo ntawm chocolate.
Dub truffles yog yooj yim dua mus nrhiav - lawv "mycelium" rhuav tshem feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm dub truffles yog yooj yim dua los xyuas los ntawm tag nrho cov cim qhia.