txheem
Disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) yog ib pab pawg ntawm carbohydrates, cov molecules uas muaj ob qho yooj yim suab thaj ua ke rau hauv ib lub molecule los ntawm ib tug glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus ntawm ib tug txawv configuration. Generalized formula ntawm disaccharides tuaj yeem sawv cev ua C12Н22О11.
Nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules thiab lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj, txo qis thiab tsis txo cov disaccharides yog qhov txawv. Txo cov disaccharides suav nrog lactose, maltose, thiab cellobiose; Tsis txo qis disaccharides suav nrog sucrose thiab trehalose.
Tshuaj lom neeg
Disugar yog cov khoom siv crystalline. Crystals ntawm ntau yam khoom yog xim los ntawm dawb mus rau xim av. Lawv yaj zoo nyob rau hauv dej thiab cawv, muaj ib tug qab zib saj.
Thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, glycosidic bonds yog tawg, vim hais tias cov disaccharides tawg mus rau hauv ob yooj yim suab thaj. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem rov qab ntawm hydrolysis, condensation fuses ob peb molecules ntawm disaccharides rau hauv complex carbohydrates - polysaccharides.
Lactose - mis nyuj qab zib
Lo lus "lactose" yog txhais los ntawm Latin li "mis qab zib". Cov carbohydrate no muaj npe vim tias nws pom muaj ntau hauv cov khoom siv mis nyuj. Lactose yog ib qho polymer uas muaj cov molecules ntawm ob monosaccharides - qabzib thiab galactose. Tsis zoo li lwm yam disaccharides, lactose tsis yog hygroscopic. Tau txais cov carbohydrates no los ntawm whey.
Ntau yam daim ntawv thov
Lactose yog dav siv hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj. Vim tsis muaj hygroscopicity, nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj hydrolysable qab zib yooj yim. Lwm cov carbohydrates, uas yog hygroscopic, sai sai ua ntub dej thiab cov tshuaj nquag hauv lawv sai sai decomposes.
Mis qab zib hauv cov chaw kuaj tshuaj lom neeg yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus rau kev loj hlob ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov fungi, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj penicillin.
Lactose isomerized nyob rau hauv pharmaceuticals los tsim lactulose. Lactulose yog ib hom kab mob lom uas normalizes plab hnyuv motility nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cem quav, dysbacteriosis thiab lwm yam digestive teeb meem.
Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb
Cov mis nyuj qab zib yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom siv yas, tseem ceeb heev rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kab mob loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj, nrog rau tus menyuam mos. Lactose yog ib qho khoom noj nruab nrab rau kev tsim cov kab mob lactic acid hauv txoj hnyuv, uas tiv thaiv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem putrefactive hauv nws.
Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lactose, nws tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv tias, nrog lub zog siv zog, nws tsis yog siv los tsim cov rog thiab tsis nce qib ntawm cov cholesterol hauv cov ntshav.
Qhov tsim txom
Lactose tsis ua mob rau tib neeg lub cev. Qhov tsuas yog contraindication rau kev siv cov khoom uas muaj mis nyuj qab zib yog lactose intolerance, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj ib tug tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm lactase enzyme, uas lov cov mis nyuj qab zib rau hauv yooj yim carbohydrates. Lactose intolerance yog qhov ua rau lub cev tsis haum ntawm cov khoom noj siv mis los ntawm tib neeg, feem ntau cov neeg laus. Qhov no pathology manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsos mob xws li:
- xeev siab thiab ntuav;
- zawv plab;
- tsam plab;
- mob plab;
- khaus thiab pob khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij;
- ua xua rhinitis;
- kev puffiness
Lactose intolerance feem ntau yog physiological, thiab nws muaj feem xyuam nrog lub hnub nyoog txog lactase deficiency.
Maltose - malt qab zib
Maltose, uas muaj ob lub qabzib residues, yog ib tug disaccharide uas tsim los ntawm cereals los tsim cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lawv embryos. Tsawg maltose muaj nyob rau hauv paj ntoos thiab nectar ntawm flowering nroj tsuag, thiab nyob rau hauv txiv lws suav. Malt qab zib kuj yog tsim los ntawm qee cov kab mob.
Hauv cov tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg, maltose yog tsim los ntawm kev tawg ntawm polysaccharides - starch thiab glycogen - nrog kev pab los ntawm enzyme maltase.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm maltose yog muab lub cev nrog cov khoom siv zog.
Qhov tsim txom
Cov khoom tsis zoo yog pom los ntawm maltose tsuas yog hauv cov neeg uas muaj cov noob caj noob ces ntawm maltase. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj hnyuv, thaum noj cov zaub mov uas muaj maltose, hmoov txhuv nplej siab los yog glycogen, cov khoom underoxidized accumulates, provoking mob raws plab. Tsis suav nrog cov zaub mov no los ntawm kev noj zaub mov lossis noj cov enzyme npaj nrog maltase pab kom txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm maltose intolerance.
Sucrose - txiv kab ntxwv
Qab zib, uas muaj nyob rau hauv peb cov khoom noj txhua hnub, ob qho tib si hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab thiab ua ib feem ntawm ntau yam tais diav, yog sucrose. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov piam thaj thiab fructose residues.
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, sucrose muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo: txiv hmab txiv ntoo, berries, zaub, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv qab zib pas nrig, los ntawm qhov twg nws yog thawj mined. Kev tawg ntawm sucrose pib hauv lub qhov ncauj thiab xaus rau hauv cov hnyuv. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm alpha-glucosidase, cane qab zib tau tawg mus rau hauv qabzib thiab fructose, uas tau nqus sai sai rau hauv cov ntshav.
Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm sucrose yog pom tseeb. Raws li cov disaccharide ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, sucrose pab raws li lub zog ntawm lub cev. Saturating cov ntshav nrog piam thaj thiab fructose, cane qab zib:
- ua kom lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb - cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog;
- yog lub zog ntawm cov leeg nqaij;
- nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev;
- nkoos lub synthesis ntawm serotonin, vim hais tias nws pab txoj kev mus ob peb vas, ua ib tug antidepressant yam;
- koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov tswv yim (thiab tsis yog xwb) cov roj reserves;
- koom tes ua haujlwm hauv carbohydrate metabolism;
- txhawb txoj haujlwm detoxification ntawm daim siab.
Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm sucrose tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum nws tau noj hauv qhov txwv. Nws yog pom zoo kom haus 30-50 g ntawm cane qab zib nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, dej qab zib los yog nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv.
Ua phem thaum raug tsim txom
Tshaj qhov noj txhua hnub yog fraught nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm sucrose:
- endocrine ntshawv siab (mob ntshav qab zib, rog);
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hniav enamel thiab pathologies nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub musculoskeletal system raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ua txhaum ntawm mineral metabolism;
- sagging tawv nqaij, brittle rau tes thiab plaub hau;
- deterioration ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob (ua pob khaus, pob txuv tsim);
- tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob (kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo);
- inhibition ntawm kev ua haujlwm enzyme;
- nce acidity ntawm kua txiv plab;
- ua txhaum ntawm lub raum;
- hypercholesterolemia thiab triglyceridemia;
- acceleration ntawm kev laus.
Txij li thaum cov vitamins B nquag koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nqus ntawm cov khoom lag luam sucrose (qabzib, fructose), kev noj ntau dhau ntawm cov khoom noj qab zib yog fraught nrog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov vitamins no. Kev tsis muaj cov vitamins B ntev ntev yog qhov txaus ntshai nrog kev mob tsis tu ncua ntawm lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha, pathologies ntawm kev ua haujlwm neuropsychic.
Hauv cov menyuam yaus, kev mob siab rau cov khoom qab zib ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lawv cov kev ua ub no mus txog kev loj hlob ntawm hyperactivity syndrome, neurosis, chim siab.
Cellobiose disaccharide
Cellobiose yog ib qho disaccharide uas muaj ob lub qabzib molecules. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab qee cov kab mob. Cellobiosis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg: hauv tib neeg lub cev, cov tshuaj no tsis tawg, tab sis yog cov khoom sib xyaw ballast. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cellobiose ua ib qho kev ua haujlwm, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm cellulose molecule.
Trehalose - nceb qab zib
Trehalose yog tsim los ntawm ob lub qabzib molecules. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob siab dua (li no nws lub npe thib ob - mycosis), algae, lichens, qee cov cab thiab kab. Nws ntseeg tau hais tias qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm trehalose yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev ua kom cov cell tsis kam mus rau desiccation. Nws tsis yog absorbed nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, txawm li cas los, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm nws mus rau hauv cov ntshav yuav ua rau intoxication.
Disaccharides yog dav faib nyob rau hauv qhov - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, fungi, tsiaj, kab mob. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm complex molecular complexes, thiab kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb. Qee tus ntawm lawv (lactose, sucrose) yog lub zog substrate rau cov kab mob muaj sia, lwm tus (cellobiose) ua haujlwm zoo.