marmalade

Delicious, zoo nkauj thiab noj qab nyob zoo. Tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem hais txog qhov nyiam delicacy ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus - marmalade. Qhov qab zib no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb tus kws kho mob pom zoo noj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog txoj cai, uas yog, cov khoom ntuj tsim, tuaj yeem nqa cov txiaj ntsig. Dab tsi yog nws siv, thiab dab tsi ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg, peb yuav nkag siab ntau ntxiv.

Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm

Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov chaw yug ntawm marmalade yog Asia Minor, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tau coj los ntawm Europeans tom qab Crusades. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, los khaws cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv Middle East thiab Eastern Mediterranean, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo sau tau boiled mus rau ib tug ntom gel zoo li lub xeev.

Lub npe "marmalade" hauv Fabkis txhais tau tias "quince marshmallow". Lus Askiv hu lo lus no jam ua los ntawm txiv kab ntxwv los yog lwm yam citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab cov Germans - txhua yam jam los yog jam [1]. Hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov qab zib no tau txais lub npe "txiv hmab txiv ntoo jelly".

Cov khoom ntau yam

Muaj ntau ntau yam kev faib tawm ntawm marmalade. Raws li txoj kev tsim, molded, txheej thiab txiav cov khoom yog txawv. Nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv qhia, marmalade muab faib ua unglazed, glazed, ib nrab glazed, sprinkled (qab zib, cocoa hmoov, txiv maj phaub flakes), khoom, nrog inclusions, glossy, multi-layered.

Marmalade, nyob ntawm seb lub gelling Cheebtsam ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm nws yog tsim, muab faib ua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (raws li ib tug natural gelling yam), jelly-txiv hmab txiv ntoo (raws li ib tug ua ke natural gelling tivthaiv thiab gelling agent) thiab jelly los yog chewy (raws li. ntawm tus neeg sawv cev gelling). Agar-agar, pectin lossis gelatin tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov ua tau zoo.

Gummy marmalade

Kev zom zaub mov hauv peb lub tebchaws tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no, hauv 90s. [2]. Nws tam sim ntawd tau txais koob meej ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus, vim nws muaj ntau yam zoo dua lwm hom marmalade. Thawj ntawm lawv yog tias nws tsis yaj thiab tsis lo rau tes, yog li nws yooj yim rau cov khoom noj txom ncauj qab zib. Qhov thib ob kom zoo dua ntawm zom (jelly) marmalade yog nws cov ntsiab lus calorie tsawg, thiab qhov thib peb yog nws "lub neej ntev". Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm no chewy kho hnub no. Lub tswv yim no tau ntse siv txawm tias los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov vitamin thiab ntxhia complexes rau cov menyuam yaus.

Hauv kev tsim cov khoom qab zib jelly, ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw txiv hmab txiv ntoo, gelatin, pectin, molasses thiab siv quav ciab-thiab-rog sib tov. Cov khoom no muab cov marmalade nrog lub ntsej muag glossy thiab elasticity. Wax tiv thaiv kev ua raws li tus kheej cov duab, ntxuav cov hniav thiab qhov ncauj mucosa zoo, thiab tua cov kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem siv tsis txhob zom cov pos hniav.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom

Marmalade muaj ntau yam khoom xyaw. [3]:

  • gelling tus neeg sawv cev: agar-agar (0,8-1%), gelatin, pectin (1-1,5%), carrageenan, agaroid, furcellaran lossis lwm yam) [4];
  • qab zib (50-60%), molasses (20-25%), qab zib-molasses phoov, fructose;
  • txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab/los yog zaub kua txiv los yog purees;
  • Khoom noj khoom haus additives (acidifiers, flavors, stabilizers, emulsifiers, dyes) [5].

Ua tsaug rau cov khoom no, marmalade muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj: carbohydrates, organic acids, minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium), vitamins (ascorbic thiab nicotinic acids, B vitamins).

txiv hmab txiv ntoo pectin

Pectin yog polysaccharide, uas yog, complex carbohydrate uas belongs rau dej-soluble nroj tsuag fiber. Nws muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm thickening cov kua, tig mus rau hauv ib tug gel nyob rau hauv cov dej ib puag ncig. Yog li, pectin khaws cov dej noo, thiab nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj yaj hauv dej. Pectin yog lub hauv paus (piv txwv) ntawm marmalade zoo.

Jelly

Agar-agar yog ib tus neeg sawv cev gelling cais los ntawm xim av thiab liab algae. Nws muaj peev xwm adsorb dej, nce nyob rau hauv ntim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, agar tsis muaj roj, yog li cov khoom noj khoom haus raws li nws tuaj yeem noj txawm tias cov neeg noj zaub mov. [6].

Nkaws

Gelatin yog siv los ua ib qho nrov thiab pheej yig gelling tivthaiv rau kev tsim cov marmalade. Gelatin yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg (cov pob txha mos, ligaments, tendons) thiab daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj tua tsiaj. Gelatin muaj cov carbohydrates thiab cov amino acids, yog li nws muaj calorie ntau ntau dua li lwm cov tshuaj gelling. [7].

Noj haus tshuaj

Ntuj marmalade nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis muaj tej yam khoom noj additives - tsis muaj flavors los yog dyes. Cov xim thiab aroma ntawm cov khoom yog vim nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntuj los yog Berry muaj pes tsawg leeg. "Artificial" marmalade muaj cov tshuaj, nrog rau ntau yam khoom noj E-additives - stabilizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, antioxidants, dyes, flavors. Cov xim ci, nplua nuj aroma thiab lub neej txee ntev yog thawj cov cim qhia tias marmalade yog "artificial". Qhov ntau "E" hauv cov khoom, qhov txiaj ntsig tsawg dua nws coj mus rau lub cev.

Marmalade yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus uas muaj calorie ntau ntau. Nws cov ntsiab lus calorie yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov piam thaj thiab hom gelling hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tuaj yeem sib txawv - los ntawm 275 txog 360 kcal ib 100 g. [8].

Tshuab ntau lawm

Txhawm rau kom paub tseeb tias marmalade yog cov khoom siv tau zoo, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov khoom siv. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom qab zib ntuj nyob ntawm nws hom thiab daim ntawv qhia. [9]. Lub tswv yim yooj yim thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis txiv hmab txiv ntoo-jelly delicacy tuaj yeem sawv cev ua ntau theem ua tiav:

  1. Kev npaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo raw cov ntaub ntawv.
  2. Soaking gelling Cheebtsam.
  3. Kev npaj ntawm lub hauv paus qab zib (los ntawm qab zib, fructose, molasses thiab lwm yam qab zib).
  4. Boiling txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Berry) loj nrog ib tug soaked jelly-forming tivthaiv thiab ib tug qab zib puag.
  5. Txias lub jelly loj thiab ncuav nws mus rau hauv pwm.
  6. Qhuav, txiav, sprinkling cov khoom.
  7. Packing thiab ntim cov khoom [10].

Chewing marmalade yog npaj raws li kev hloov kho me ntsis. Cov khoom lag luam jelly yog nchuav rau hauv cov pwm pwm uas muaj pob kws hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Tom qab ncuav lub marmalade rau hauv pwm, lawv txias rau ib hnub, thiab ces tshem tawm ntawm pwm thiab destarched. Tom qab ntxuav los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov khoom uas xav tau raug xa mus rau lub nruas, qhov chaw uas lawv tau kho nrog cov roj ntuj kom lawv ci.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua "artificial" marmalade txawv me ntsis ntawm cov cuab yeej siv los ua cov khoom qab zib los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim, tshwj tsis yog thawj theem. Ntuj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab berries nyob rau hauv xws li ib yam khoom yog hloov los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus.

Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb

Tsuas yog ntuj marmalade tuaj yeem qhia cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig rau tib neeg lub cev. Nws cov khoom ntuj tsim muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub cev ntawm tus kheej, thiab kuj ua rau ib leeg ua haujlwm.

High-quality marmalade los ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj:

  • activates plab hnyuv motility, uas relieves cem quav;
  • absorbs co toxins, radionuclides, ntsev ntawm cov hlau hnyav, rog thiab tshem tawm ntawm lub cev [6];
  • tiv thaiv kev nqus ntawm cov cholesterol, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm atherosclerosis;
  • txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim siab thiab pancreas;
  • restores cov qauv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau, rau tes [7];
  • saturates lub cev nrog cov vitamins PP thiab C;
  • txo qab los noj mov, yog li nws tuaj yeem siv rau khoom noj txom ncauj;
  • txhim kho lub hlwb ua haujlwm;
  • muaj cov nyhuv antidepressant me ntsis;
  • relieves cov tsos mob ntawm ib tug me ntsis hangover.

Yog tias marmalade tau npaj los ntawm agar-agar, nws kuj tuaj yeem ua qhov chaw ntawm iodine rau lub cev, thiab yog tias nws yog raws li fructose es tsis txhob qab zib, nws tuaj yeem yog cov khoom lag luam ntshav qab zib. [11]. Kev noj cov zaub mov zoo hauv cov khoom noj tsis tu ncua yuav pab kom zom cov hnyuv, thiab tseem normalizes cov metabolism hauv lub cev.

Hauv qee qhov tsawg, cov marmalade ntuj tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm tib neeg ntawm kev noj zaub mov (tshwj tsis yog ib qho tsis muaj carbohydrate). Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv rau cov khoom noj txom ncauj thaum qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis dhau los ua tsis tau. Thaum siv marmalade thaum noj zaub mov, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom noj uas tuaj yeem noj thaum nruab hnub yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 50 g.

Qhov tsim txom

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, marmalade tseem tuaj yeem ua teeb meem. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws txhawj xeeb txog cov piam thaj hauv nws. Cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate siab ntawm marmalade tsis zoo rau cov ntshav qab zib. Feem ntau thiab ntau ntau nws tsis tuaj yeem noj tau txawm tias cov neeg noj qab haus huv thiab cov menyuam yaus: cov piam thaj ua rau cov hniav puas tsuaj thiab ua rau lub cev hnyav ntxiv.

Qhov xwm txheej txawv nrog "artificial" marmalade. Nws muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau txhua tus, thiab ntau ntxiv rau cov menyuam yaus, cov neeg mob ua xua thiab mob hawb pob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees li cas qhov no lossis cov tshuaj ntxiv cuam tshuam rau lub cev, yog li nws yog qhov zoo dua los tsis kam kho "artificial" kho. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau marmalade cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev hauv ntau txoj kev. [5]:

  • provoke cov tsos mob ntawm hyperergic tshuaj (pob liab, khaus, o, mob hawb pob);
  • ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm txoj hnyuv (xws li xeev siab, ntuav, hnyav hauv plab, raws plab);
  • ua rau zis;
  • cuam ​​tshuam kev ua haujlwm plawv;
  • nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb;
  • pab txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob;
  • muaj cov nyhuv carcinogenic.

Yuav kom tsis txhob raug mob los ntawm kev kho kom zoo, koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj thaum yuav cov khoom no. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog ua kom ntuj marmalade ntawm koj tus kheej.

Yuav ua li cas mus xaiv

Thaum xaiv marmalade nyob rau hauv ib lub khw, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov mob ntawm lub ntim, daim ntawv lo thiab cov tsos ntawm cov khoom. [12]. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los muab kev nyiam rau marmalade nyob rau hauv ib tus neeg pob tshab ntim: nws yooj yim dua kom paub txog cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov chaw tsim khoom, hnub tas sij hawm, thiab tseem ntsuas nws cov tsos. Lub ntim yuav tsum huv, tsis huv, kaw.

Lub pob yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv lo nrog cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho txog cov khoom (cov khoom sib xyaw, cov xwm txheej thiab lub neej txee) thiab nws cov chaw tsim khoom.

Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qee qhov organoleptic yam ntxwv ntawm delicacy:

  1. Daim ntawv. Cov khoom yuav tsum yog tib yam zoo li qub, tsis muaj kab ntawm caking, deformation lossis melting. Nyob rau hauv multilayer views, tag nrho cov txheej yuav tsum tau kom meej meej pom.
  2. Xim. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los yuav cov khoom lag luam muaj xim me me lossis txawm tias xim daj ntseg.
  3. Nto. Cov tsos ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum sib haum mus rau lawv cov tsos. Yog hais tias nws yog gummies, qhov saum npoo yuav tsum glossy. Yog hais tias qhov no yog ib yam khoom nrog sprinkling, lub sprinkling yuav tsum lo rau nws nto.
  4. Kev sib raug zoo. Yog tias lub ntim tso cai, koj tuaj yeem kov cov marmalade los ntawm nws: nws yuav tsum yog mos, tab sis elastic, tom qab nias nws yuav tsum rov qab nws cov duab.

Koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov chaw cia khoom qab zib. Nws qhov ntsuas kub yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 18 ° C, thiab cov av noo ntawm huab cua yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 80%. Lub thawv ntawm marmalade yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tshav ntuj ncaj qha. Nws tsis raug tso cai muab cov khoom noj rau ib sab ntawm cov khoom noj uas ntub los yog muaj ntxhiab tsw (ntses, txuj lom).

Ua ntej yuav khoom, koj yuav tsum xyuas cov hnub tas sij hawm. Marmalade txheej thiab ua los ntawm pectin thiab agar-agar yog khaws cia tsis pub dhau 3 lub hlis. Yog tias marmalade muaj agaroid thiab furcellaran, nws lub neej txee tsis pub tshaj 1,5 lub hlis. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm cia tej yam kev mob, lub txee lub neej yog heev txo.

Yuav ua li cas ua noj

Ua kom cov delicacy tshiab thiab noj qab nyob zoo, koj tuaj yeem ua noj koj tus kheej hauv tsev. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj ua noj nws, thaum txhua tus niam tsev tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau txhua daim ntawv qhia rau nws saj.

txiv qaub marmalade

Txhawm rau npaj nws, koj yuav xav tau dej (2 l), 4 txiv qaub thiab qab zib (4 khob). Lemons yuav tsum tau txiav mus rau hauv slices thiab noob tshem tawm ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov noob yuav tsum tau qhwv nyob rau hauv gauze: lawv yuav tuaj nyob rau hauv ke. Txiv qaub yog nteg tawm nyob rau hauv ib saucepan, npog nrog qab zib, cov noob yog muab tso rau hauv gauze thiab ncuav nrog dej. Tso nws rau ib hnub ntawm chav tsev kub.

Ib hnub tom qab, lub lauj kaub yog muab tso rau ntawm hluav taws thiab boiled tom qab boiling tshaj tsawg tshav kub rau 50 feeb. Ua npuas ncauj uas tshwm rau saum npoo yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm tsis tu ncua. Marmalade yog xam tau tias yog npaj txhij thaum ib tug poob ntawm qhov sib tov solidifies ntawm lub phaj txias. Ncuav rau hauv pwm, txias.

raspberry kho

Rau no marmalade, peb noj 1,5 kg suab thaj thiab raspberries. Soak ib tablespoon ntawm gelatin hauv dej. Raspberries yuav tsum xub tua nrog ib tug blender thiab rubbed los ntawm ib tug nplua sieve kom tshem tawm cov noob. Raspberry puree yog pauv mus rau saucepan, gelatin yog ntxiv, coj mus rau ib tug boil, ces tov nrog qab zib thiab boiled, stirring tas li, kom txog thaum thickened. Cov khoom tiav yog nchuav rau hauv ib lub thawv. Tom qab txias, txiav thiab sprinkle nrog hmoov qab zib.

Niaj hnub no, marmalade yog muag hauv txhua lub khw pastry. Thaum muas nws, koj yuav tsum muab qhov kev nyiam tsis yog rau tus nqi lossis lub ntsej muag ci, tab sis mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom. Qhov kev noj qab haus huv thiab qab qab no yog ib qho yooj yim ua hauv tsev. Ces nws yuav tau guaranteed ntuj. Yuav los yog ua noj - nws yog nyob ntawm tus hniav qab zib txiav txim siab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tsis txhob tsim txom nws qhov ntau: es tsis txhob muaj txiaj ntsig, marmalade tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj.

Qhov chaw ntawm
  1. ↑ Nrov science magazine "Chemistry thiab Lub Neej". - Marmalade.
  2. ↑ Lavxias teb sab lag luam magazine. - Kev tsim cov marmalade nyob rau hauv Russia - lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev lag luam.
  3. ↑ Cov nyiaj hluav taws xob ntawm kev cai lij choj thiab kev tswj hwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. - Tus txheej txheem hauv xeev (GOST): Marmalade.
  4. ↑ Scientific electronic library “CyberLeninka”. - Kev siv Icelandic moss ua tus neeg sawv cev gelling hauv kev tsim cov marmalade.
  5. ↑↑ FBUZ “Center for Hygienic Education of the Population” ntawm Rospotrebnadzor. – Cov khoom noj khoom haus yog dab tsi?
  6. ↑↑ WebMD Internet kev pab. - Aggar.
  7. ↑↑ Kev Kho Mob Portal Xov Xwm Kho Mob Hnub no. - 10 cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm gelatin.
  8. ↑ Calorie suav qhov chaw Calorisator. - Txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo marmalade.
  9. ↑ Scientific electronic library “CyberLeninka”. -Technology ntawm marmalade ntawm cov nqi roj ntsha nce ntxiv.
  10. ↑ Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Pabcuam Lavxias rau Kev Txawj Ntse, Patents thiab Kev Lag Luam. - Patent rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau kev npaj marmalade.
  11. ↑ Electronic journal platform rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv Nyij Pooj J-STAGE. - Kev tshawb xyuas ntawm agar raws li nws cov ntsiab lus iodine.
  12. ↑ Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws peev nyiaj txiag saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv lub koom haum "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Saratov Region". - Xaiv cov marmalade noj qab nyob zoo.

Sau ntawv cia Ncua