txheem
Loj hlob champignons
Cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm fungus, nta ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob
Champignons yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg champignon ntawm tib lub npe, uas suav nrog ntau dua 60 hom nceb nceb. Mushrooms tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv hav zoov, meadows thiab txawm tias cov suab puam.
Ntau yam ntawm champignons tuaj yeem pom nyob rau txhua lub teb chaws tshwj tsis yog Antarctica, tab sis lawv qhov chaw nyob yog thaj chaw steppe lossis hav zoov-steppe.
Yog hais tias peb tham txog Central Peb Lub Tebchaws, ces champignons tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv teb, meadows, ntawm ntug hav zoov. Yog tias cov xwm txheej rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob zoo, tom qab ntawd hauv cov chaw no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav champignons txij lub Tsib Hlis mus txog Lub Kaum Hli.
Mushrooms yog pronounced saprophytes, yog li ntawd lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov av uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv humus, muaj nyob ze nyuj pastures, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv hav zoov uas txawv los ntawm tuab cog litter.
Raws li kev lag luam nceb loj hlob, ob hom nceb no tau nquag cog: ob-spore nceb thiab ob-ntiv nplhaib (plaub-spore) nceb. Teb thiab meadow champignons tsis tshua muaj.
Champignon yog lub kaus mom nceb, tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ceg hauv nruab nrab, qhov siab uas ncav cuag 4-6 centimeters. Kev lag luam champignons txawv ntawm lub hau ntawm 5-10 centimeters, tab sis koj tuaj yeem pom cov qauv nrog lub cheeb ntawm 30 centimeters los yog ntau dua.
Interestingly, lub champignon yog tus sawv cev ntawm cov kaus mom nceb uas tuaj yeem noj nyoos. Hauv Mediterranean lub teb chaws, cov champignons nyoos yog siv rau hauv kev npaj zaub nyoos thiab kua ntses.
Nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm ntawm nceb lub neej, nws lub kaus mom yog txawv los ntawm ib tug hemispherical puab, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm maturation, nws hloov mus rau hauv ib tug convex-outstretched.
Muaj 4 pawg tseem ceeb ntawm champignons raws li cov xim ntawm lub kaus mom: daus-dawb, mis nyuj, lub teeb xim av (yaj ntxwv) thiab qab zib. Heev feem ntau, cov dawb nrog mis nyuj yog muab rau tib pab pawg. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub cev fruiting, kev hloov pauv kuj tshwm sim nrog cov phiaj ntawm champignons. Cov nceb hluas muaj daim phiaj teeb. Thaum lub champignon ncav cuag puberty, lub phaj darkens, thiab nws puv liab-xim av. Qub champignons yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tsaus xim av thiab burgundy-dub xim ntawm lub phaj.
Qhov chaw xaiv thiab npaj
Cov nceb yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txo qis rau qhov pom ntawm lub teeb thiab cua sov, yog li lawv txoj kev loj hlob tuaj yeem ua tau txawm tias nyob hauv qab daus ntawm huab cua kub hauv thaj tsam ntawm 13-30 degrees Celsius. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov fungi tsis xav tau muaj cov nroj tsuag, vim lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus yog nqa tawm los ntawm absorbing decomposed residues ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Raws li qhov no, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm loj hlob champignons, lub thiaj li hu ua. champignon compost, nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm tus nees manure los yog qaib quav quav yog siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ntxiv rye los yog nplej straw thiab gypsum. Lub xub ntiag ntawm manure muab cov nceb tsim nyog nitrogen tebchaw, ua tsaug rau cov straw, mycelium yog muab nrog carbon, tab sis ua tsaug rau cov gypsum, cov nceb yog nkag nrog calcium. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog gypsum uas yog siv los tsim cov compost. Additives rau cov av rau loj hlob champignons nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chalk, ntxhia chiv thiab nqaij thiab pob txha noj mov yuav tsis cuam tshuam.
Txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb nceb muaj nws tus kheej cov mis rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws, hauv nws txoj kev xav, compost, lub hauv paus ntawm uas feem ntau yog nees manure.
Txhawm rau npaj cov chiv zoo li no, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv 100 kg ntawm straw, 2,5 g ntawm ammonium sulfate, superphosphate thiab urea, nrog rau ib thiab ib nrab kilograms ntawm gypsum thiab 250 grams ntawm chalk rau txhua 400 kg ntawm nees manure.
Yog tias tus neeg cog cov nceb yuav loj hlob champignons thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ua chiv yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav tshwj xeeb uas qhov ntsuas kub tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 10 degrees Celsius. Yog hais tias cov nceb tau loj hlob raws caij nyoog, cov nplooj lwg tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qab ntawm qhov qhib hauv huab cua.
Thaum lub sij hawm kev npaj ntawm compost, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv nws cov constituent qhov chaw los ntawm hu rau hauv av. Txwv tsis pub, ntau yam kab mob uas ua rau cov fungi tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv nws.
Thawj theem ntawm composting yuav tsum tau txiav straw, tom qab ntawd nws yog zoo wetted nrog dej kom txog thaum nws yog kiag li ntub dej. Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, nws yog sab laug rau ob hnub, tom qab uas nws yog ua ke nrog manure, uas yog pw tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv txawm txheej. Straw thaum tso yuav tsum tau wetted nrog ntxhia chiv, uas yuav tsum xub diluted nyob rau hauv dej. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tau txais ib tug ncej puab pawg, ntsuas ib thiab ib nrab meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab dav. Yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 100 kilograms ntawm straw nyob rau hauv xws li ib pawg, txwv tsis pub cov txheej txheem fermentation yuav qeeb heev, los yog cov cua kub qis yuav tsis pub nws pib txhua. Tom qab qee lub sij hawm, lub pob zeb tsim tau cuam tshuam nrog cov dej gradual ntxiv. Kev tsim cov nplooj lwg yuav tsum tau so plaub zaug, thiab tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm nws cov khoom yog 20-23 hnub. Yog tias cov thev naus laus zis tau ua raws li, tom qab ob peb hnub tom qab kev tua neeg kawg, lub pob zeb yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cov ammonia, cov yam ntxwv tsis hnov tsw yuav ploj mus, thiab cov xim ntawm cov huab hwm coj nws tus kheej yuav dhau los ua xim av tsaus. Tom qab ntawd lub tiav lawm compost yog muab faib rau hauv tshwj xeeb ntim los yog txaj yog tsim los ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv uas nceb yuav sown.
Sow mycelium
Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov champignons muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev vegetative, los ntawm sowing mycelium nyob rau hauv lub npaj compost, uas yog tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam. Ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm sowing mycelium, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia lub cellar, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog qhov yooj yim heev kom tswj tau qhov siab ntawm cov av noo, nrog rau qhov ntsuas kub zoo. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau yuav mycelium nkaus xwb los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom paub zoo, vim tias kev ua txhaum ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tsawg kawg ntawm ib theem ntawm kev tsim cov mycelium yuav cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm mycelium. Kev tso tawm ntawm mycelium yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv granules los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm compost blocks uas tsis yuav tsum tau self-composting. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav tsum tau cog rau hauv cov xuab zeb uas tawv tawv, yog li nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib txheej nyias kom txog thaum nws kub poob mus rau 25 degrees Celsius. Nco qab tias tam sim ntawd tom qab sowing, cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub compost, vim hais tias nws kub nce. Rau txhua tuj ntawm compost, kwv yees li 6 kilograms los yog 10 litres ntawm mycelium yuav tsum tau cog. Rau kev cog qoob loo, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los npaj cov qhov hauv cov nplooj lwg, qhov tob uas yuav tsum yog 8 cm, thiab cov kauj ruam yuav tsum yog 15 cm. Qhov nyob rau hauv kab uas nyob ib sab yuav tsum staggered. Sowing yog nqa tawm nrog ib tus kheej tes los yog nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb cutter thiab ib tug roller.
Thaum cog mycelium, compost yuav tsum tau them nrog ntawv, straw mats los yog burlap kom noo noo nyob rau hauv nws. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws los ntawm cov tsos ntawm ntau yam kab tsuag, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kho nws nrog 2% formalin daws txhua peb hnub. Thaum lub sij hawm siv cov tshuab tsis-npog, cov nplooj lwg yog moistened los ntawm irrigating cov phab ntsa thiab cov plag tsev, vim hais tias yog hais tias koj water compost nws tus kheej, ces muaj ib tug siab tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob mycelium. Thaum lub sij hawm nws germination, huab cua qhov kub siab tshaj 23 degrees yuav tsum tau, thiab qhov kub ntawm cov compost yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 24-25 degrees.
Loj hlob thiab sau qoob
Mycelium, qhov nruab nrab, loj hlob hauv 10-12 hnub. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug active txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm nyias dawb threads - hyphae - tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub compost. Thaum lawv pib tshwm nyob rau saum npoo ntawm compost, lawv yuav tsum tau sprinkled nrog ib txheej ntawm peat nrog chalk, 3 centimeters tuab. Tom qab 4-5 hnub tom qab ntawd, qhov ntsuas kub hauv chav yuav tsum tau qis dua 17 degrees. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los pib watering lub Upper av txheej nrog ib tug nyias watering tau. Thaum lub sij hawm irrigation, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej uas cov dej tseem nyob rau saum txheej thiab tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov compost. Kev ua kom tsis tu ncua ntawm huab cua ntshiab kuj tseem ceeb, uas yuav cuam tshuam zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm nceb. Cov av noo hauv chav nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsum ruaj khov nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 60-70%. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm champignons pib rau hnub 20-26 tom qab cog mycelium. Yog hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob yog nruj me ntsis soj ntsuam, lub ripening ntawm nceb yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw loj heev, nrog so ntawm peaks ntawm 3-5 hnub. Mushrooms tau sau manually los ntawm twisting lawv tawm ntawm mycelium.
Txog rau tam sim no, cov thawj coj hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm champignons suav nrog Asmeskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, Kaus Lim Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Peb Lub Tebchaws kuj tau pib siv cov thev naus laus zis txawv teb chaws hauv kev loj hlob nceb.
Mushrooms yog khaws cia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 12-18 degrees. Ua ntej pib sau, chav tsev yuav tsum tau ventilated, qhov no yuav zam kev loj hlob ntawm cov av noo, vim hais tias cov stains tshwm nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom nceb. Los ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm fungus, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab thaum twg nws yog lub sij hawm tshem tawm nws. Yog hais tias cov yeeb yaj kiab txuas lub hau thiab txhais ceg twb tau ncab hnyav, tab sis tseem tsis tau torn, qhov no yog lub sijhawm los sau cov champignon. Tom qab khaws cov nceb, lawv raug txheeb xyuas, mob thiab puas tsuaj raug muab pov tseg, thiab cov seem yog ntim thiab xa mus rau qhov chaw muag khoom.