Yuav ua li cas mus cuag ib tug rhuab phuam rail nrog koj tus kheej tes

Niaj hnub nimno cov tsev yog twb, raws li txoj cai, tam sim ntawd nruab nrog rhuab phuam rails thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg nyob hauv yuav tsis nyiam lawv cov yam ntxwv lossis lawv qhov chaw nyob sab hauv. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsim nyog rau nruab cov khoom siv ntxiv, ntxiv rau, lawv tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov hloov pauv tsis yog qhov xav tau, tab sis qhov tsim nyog.

Cov phuam ziab khaub ncaws feem ntau muab tso rau hauv chav dej lossis chav dej, tab sis qhov no tsis yog dogma, thiab koj tuaj yeem nruab lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv chav tsev lossis chav dej. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, lub hom phiaj, cov peev txheej thiab txawm tias kev xav. Cov phuam da dej sov yog xav tau tsis yog rau cov phuam so qhuav lossis lwm yam khoom siv ntaub, nws kuj tseem pab tiv thaiv cov dej noo ntau dhau, uas tseem ceeb heev rau chav dej. Nws kuj ua cua sov, txawm tias qhov no tsis yog lub hom phiaj ncaj qha ntawm cov cuab yeej no.

Ib txoj phuam rhuab yog ib qho khoom siv cua sov uas muaj ib los yog ntau lub yeeb nkab. Raws li hom coolant, lawv yog dej, hluav taws xob thiab ua ke. Nyob rau hauv thawj hom, raws li lub npe implies, lub coolant yog dej los ntawm lub cua sov system los yog dej kub (DHW). Cov hluav taws xob muaj xws li cua sov cable ("qhuav" rhuab phuam rails), los yog oily kua rhuab los ntawm lub cua sov ("ntub"). Cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thawj ob hom. Tom ntej no, peb yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas rau nws tus kheej txuas txhua yam ntawm cov khoom siv no.

Cov kws kho mob ntawm "Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Nyob Ze Kuv" ua rau koj xav txog qhov tseeb tias cov lus qhia hauv qab no yog cov ntaub ntawv siv, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub hauv cov kav dej thiab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm. Yog tias koj tsis ntseeg koj lub peev xwm, nco ntsoov muab txoj haujlwm no rau cov kws tshaj lij. Qee zaum, kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsim nyog.

Cov lus qhia step-by-step rau kev sib txuas hluav taws xob rhuab phuam rail

Cov lus pom zoo dav

Kev sib txuas hluav taws xob cov phuam da dej yog qhov kim tshaj plaws thiab tsim nyog yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nruab cov kav dej rau cov khoom siv dej lossis tsuas yog tsis muaj lub siab xav ua. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis yog fraught nrog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev xau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev xav tias nws yog txaus rau ntsia hlau xws li ib tug rhuab phuam rail rau phab ntsa thiab ntsaws rau hauv lub qhov hluav taws xob yog heev erroneous.

Cov cuab yeej xav tau

Txhawm rau nruab ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob rhuab phuam rail koj yuav xav tau:

• Rauj laum los yog xyaum muaj zog
• Screwdriver los yog screwdriver
• Rauj
• kav
• Theem ntawm
• cwj mem los yog cim
  

Kev teeb tsa thiab xaim yuav tsum tau ua tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm no.

Xaiv qhov chaw rau kev teeb tsa

• Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob rhuab phuam rail yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb ntawm hluav taws xob, yog li nws qhov kev tso cai tsis raug cai. Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov chaw nyob, piv txwv li, ib chav tsev, ces cov kev cai yog tsawg nruj, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chav dej los yog chav ua noj, lawv yog heev unambiguous.
• Ib qho hluav taws xob rhuab phuam rail yuav tsum muaj kev ruaj ntseg tiv thaiv los ntawm ya raws; nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muab ntsia rau ze ze rau qhov chaw dej.
• Ib tug xov tooj ntawm manufacturers muab cov nram qab no yam tsawg kawg nkaus deb deb: 0.6 m ntawm ntug ntawm lub dab da dej, ntxhua khaub ncaws los yog da dej cabin, 0.2 m ntawm pem teb, 0.15 m ntawm txhua lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa.
• Cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ze ze ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob. Nws yog txwv tsis pub ncua cov hlau uas tuaj nrog lub cuab yeej, nrog rau kev siv ntau yam txuas ntxiv.

Kev twb kev txuas network

• Cov phuam da dej sov tuaj yeem txuas nrog rau lub qhov hluav taws xob lossis mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv peb-xaim cable.
• Yog hais tias peb tham txog chav dej, ces lub qhov (socket) los yog ntaub thaiv npog (socket) yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov deb ntawm tsawg kawg yog 25 cm ntawm pem teb.
• Xyuas kom tseeb tias lub qhov (socket) los yog ntaub thaiv npog txuas nrog los ntawm RCD (cov khoom siv tam sim no) thiab muaj av.
• Tsuas yog cov kab hluav taws xob zais zais tau tso cai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los rau hauv chav dej.
• Tsis txhob nruab cov khoom siv hauv qab lub qhov hluav taws xob. Lub qhov (socket) yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm ib sab los yog hauv qab ntawm qhov deb ntawm 20-30 cm los ntawm cov rhuab phuam rail.
• Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv chav dej lossis chav ua noj tsuas yog ua tau nrog lub qhov (socket) tsis muaj dej noo. Xws li ib lub qhov hluav taws xob nkag mus tob rau hauv phab ntsa, thiab ib lub npog tshwj xeeb yog ua rau nws tiv thaiv dej los ntawm kev nkag mus.

installation

• Nco ntsoov tias thaum txhim kho cov phuam da dej, txhua qhov kev xav tau saum toj no tuaj yeem ua tiav.
• Ua ntej pib lub installation, qhib lub cuab yeej hauv lub network thiab xyuas kom meej tias nws ua haujlwm.
• Txuas cov brackets rau lub rhuab phuam rail.
• Txuas lub cuab yeej nrog cov hlua khi rau ntawm phab ntsa, xyuas qhov sib npaug ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav los ntawm qib.
• Ua cov cim tsim nyog rau ntawm phab ntsa nrog xaum lossis cwj mem-ntsuab thiab tho qhov.
• Nruab cov dowels thiab txuas cov cuab yeej rau ntawm phab ntsa.

Step-by-step cov lus qhia rau kev sib txuas ib tug dej rhuab phuam rail

Cov lus pom zoo dav

• Tag nrho cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog, kev yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom seem, adapters, couplings thiab lwm yam yuav tsum tau ua nruj me ntsis ua ntej pib ua haujlwm.
• Kev sib txuas rau cov cua sov hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum txhim kho cov phuam da dej (nrog rau kev rhuav tshem cov khoom qub), nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum kaw tag nrho cov dej kub hauv qhov system, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm koj tus kheej.
• Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas threaded yuav tsum tau muab khi nrog cov ntaub pua chaw lossis cov kav dej; quab yuam ntau dhau yuav tsum tsis txhob siv thaum nruj cov kev sib txuas.
• Txhua lub voj voog dej (cov phuam da dej kub tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb) yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev xau. Qee lub tuam txhab pov hwm tau thov tias qhov kev puas tsuaj rau cov cuab yeej los ntawm kev xau ntau tshaj qhov poob los ntawm kev nyiag khoom. Peb pom zoo kom txhim kho qhov kev tiv thaiv xau - nws yuav cia li "ntaus" qhov xau thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, kaw cov dej xau.
• Ua ntej pib ua hauj lwm, ua ntej txiav mus rau hauv ib tug riser los yog lub ntsiab yeeb nkab, nws yog pom zoo kom ua ib tug "nrhiav" installation nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub hais tias tag nrho cov seem yog sib xws. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm " ntsuas ib puas npaug" yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no.
• Ua ntej khij lub phab ntsa thiab qhov drilling qhov rau cov brackets, ib qho " ntxhib" kev teeb tsa kuj tau pom zoo kom nkag siab meej tias cov phuam qhwv caj dab yuav nyob li cas thiab qhov twg raws nraim qhov yuav tsum tau drilled.

Cov cuab yeej xav tau

Txhawm rau ua haujlwm, koj yuav xav tau cov cuab yeej hauv qab no (cov npe tsis yog tag nrho):

• Hacksaw
• Bulgarian
• Tuag
• Gas thiab adjustable wrenches los yog kav dej pliers
• Rauj laum los yog muaj zog xyaum nrog pob zeb thiab pobzeb xyaum
• Screwdriver nrog Phillips thiab slotted me ntsis los yog ntswj ntsia hlau
• Txiab rau txiav cov kav dej polypropylene
• Soldering hlau rau polypropylene kav
• Pliers
• Rauj
• Theem ntawm
• Roulette
• cwj mem los yog cim
• Tuav, kav dej xov thiab kav dej muab tshuaj txhuam.
  

Ua ntej pib installation, xyuas kom tseeb tias koj tau yuav tag nrho cov tsim nyog adapters, couplings, khoov, stopcocks, fasteners thiab lwm yam khoom seem.

Xaiv txoj kev sib txuas

• Lub rhuab phuam rail yog txuas nrog DHW system los yog rau lub hauv paus cua sov system, ua ib feem ntawm nws.
• Kev txuas mus rau DHW system yog yooj yim dua ua ntawm koj tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov cuab yeej txuas nrog hauv series lossis nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov siab thiab kub ntawm cov dej kub. Thaum txuas nrog hauv koob, nws tsuas yog ua haujlwm thaum siv dej kub.
• Kev sib txuas rau hauv nruab nrab cua sov system. Nrog rau hom kev sib txuas no, cov cuab yeej tshiab tau teeb tsa, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog lub hauv paus cua sov yeeb nkab siv cov xov sib txuas thiab cov kais dej, thiab feem ntau tsawg dua - vuam.

Dismantling ntawm cov khoom qub

• Yog hais tias lub qub rhuab phuam rail tsim ib tug qauv nrog riser, ces nws yog txiav tawm los ntawm ib tug grinder. Thaum txiav, nco ntsoov tias qhov seem ntawm cov kav dej yuav tsum tau ntev txaus kom lawv tuaj yeem threaded (yog tias koj npaj yuav siv txoj hlua txuas).
• Yog hais tias lub cuab yeej yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug threaded kev twb kev txuas, ces nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo unscrewed. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si thawj thiab thib ob, nws yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum tau kaw tag nrho cov dej nyob rau hauv riser (hu rau lub tuam txhab tswj kom paub meej).
• Yog hais tias muaj pob li qub ntawm lub qhov nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm cov phuam da dej, ces nws tsis tas yuav tsum tua cov dej hauv cov riser - tua lub qhov hluav taws xob thiab qhov hluav taws xob. Tom qab ntawd ua tib zoo txiav cov ntsia hlau sib txuas los yog txiav tawm cov rhuab phuam rail. Nco ntsoov tias yog tias koj tsis muaj lub bypass ntsia (lub jumper nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob kav ntawm lub rhuab phuam rail), ces los ntawm kev kaw lub inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob kais dej, koj yuav tau thaiv lub riser. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej txog koj qhov kev ua, nco ntsoov hu rau lub tuam txhab tswj hwm.
• Tom ntej no, cov cuab yeej qub yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm lossis txiav los ntawm cov hlua khi.

Kev txhim kho cov phuam da dej tshiab rau ntawm cov rooj zaum qub

• Ua ib qho " ntxhib" kev teeb tsa ntawm cov phuam da dej rhuab thiab kos cov hlua khi rau nws ntawm phab ntsa, them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov cuab yeej kab rov tav.
• Tshem cov rhuab phuam rail thiab laum qhov nrog ib tug puncher los yog xyaum, ntxig dowels rau hauv lawv.
• Yog hais tias qhov chaw ntawm qhov nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov kav dej ntawm cov tshiab rhuab phuam rail nrog rau lawv qhov chaw nyob rau ntawm lub dismantled, ces txuas lawv mus rau qhov hluav taws xob los ntawm riser siv threaded kev twb kev txuas. Peb pom zoo kom siv threaded kev sib txuas vim yog lawv cov kev tswj xyuas zoo.
• Yog hais tias lub qub rhuab phuam rail tau welded rau, thiab koj xav muab ib tug tshiab rau ib tug threaded kev twb kev txuas, nws yog tsim nyog los txiav cov yeeb nkab threads ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob los ntawm lub riser.
• Thaum qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lub nozzles ntawm lub rhuab phuam rail nrog lub qhov hluav taws xob los ntawm riser tiav, nrees rub lub cuab yeej mus rau phab ntsa.

Kev sib txuas tshiab, cov yeeb nkab welding thiab kos npe rau brackets

• Yog tias koj tab tom txhim kho los ntawm khawb lossis qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov phuam qhwv caj dab tshiab uas txawv ntawm qhov qub, thawj zaug txiav cov riser mus rau qhov siab xav tau. Qhov siab yuav tsum tau suav nrog rau hauv tus account qhov ntev ntawm cov couplings thiab adapters uas lub inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob kav ntawm lub rhuab phuam rail yuav txuas nrog riser.
• Tam sim no, cov kav dej polypropylene tau dhau los ua cov kav dej, thiab nws yog lawv cov kav dej uas pom zoo siv lawv vim qhov txheeb ze yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab kev ntseeg tau. Cov kav dej zoo li no txuas nrog cov kais dej lossis cov kav hlau uas siv cov couplings, thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv tus kheej - ncaj thiab lub kaum sab xis fittings siv ib tug tshwj xeeb soldering hlau (pom zoo kub - 250-280 ° C). Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem siv cov kav hlau tsis tu ncua.
• Thaum xam txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kav dej thiab qhov hluav taws xob, mus los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv yuav tsum yog txawm tias tsis muaj humps thiab khoov (lawv tsis zoo rau cov dej ntws), thiab tseem muaj txoj kab nqes tsawg kawg 3 hli ib 'meter'.
• Nws raug nquahu kom nruab lub rhuab phuam rail kom ze li sai tau rau cov riser lossis cov yeeb nkab loj kom txo tau cov cua sov. Kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov deb ntawm ntau tshaj ob metres yog qhov ua tsis tau.
• Ua ib qho " ntxhib" installation kom nkag siab raws nraim qhov koj yuav tsum tau kos lub qhov rau cov fasteners.
• Kos lub phab ntsa, xyaum qhov thiab ntxig dowels rau hauv lawv. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias cov cuab yeej yuav tsum nyob hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav.

Txhim kho bypass, pob li qub thiab Mayevsky crane

• Bypass yog lub jumper nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob kav ntawm lub rhuab phuam rail. Nws yog muab tso rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub pob li qub, uas yog ntsia ncaj qha rau ntawm lub nozzles ntawm lub rhuab phuam rail. Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tso cai rau koj los thaiv cov dej ntws mus rau hauv cov phuam da dej, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus riser nws tus kheej. Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob thiab qhov hluav taws xob yam tsis muaj kev hla dhau kev poob siab heev, vim nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cua sov.
• Lub bypass yog welded los yog screwed rau ib tug riser los yog lub ntsiab yeeb nkab; threaded "tees" zoo haum rau kev sib txuas threaded. Nws raug nquahu kom lub bypass yeeb nkab txoj kab uas hla yuav me dua lub ntsiab yeeb nkab txoj kab uas hla.
• Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub pob li qub ntawm lub qhov nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob yuav tsum sib npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub nozzles ntawm cov phuam rhuab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov pob li qub, cov ntsia hlau tuaj yeem siv los tswj cov dej nkag.
• Ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv rau cov rhuab phuam rail Circuit Court yog Mayevsky faucet. Nws yog mounted nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib feem ntawm lub ntaus ntawv (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Upper pob valve) thiab pab tshem tawm cov cua tshaj tawm ntawm lub system. Huab cua locks tiv thaiv kev ncig ntawm dej thiab, vim li ntawd, cov cua sov ntawm lub cuab yeej.
• Thaum tag nrho cov kev sib txuas tau ua tiav, lub rhuab phuam rail yuav tsum tau tsau rau ntawm phab ntsa.

Xaiv ib txoj kev sib txuas kev xaiv

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm txoj kev sib txuas. Muaj peb hom kev sib txuas tseem ceeb: sab, hauv qab, kab pheeb ces kaum. Kev xaiv ntawm cov tswv yim feem ntau yog nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej, nrog rau yuav ua li cas cov kav dej tau muab tso rau hauv chav. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntau lub adapters ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau, thiab txhua qhov khoov ntxiv cuam tshuam cov dej ncig.

Cov kev xaiv sab yog qhov feem ntau rau "nab", M- thiab U-shaped rhuab phuam rails, nyob rau hauv uas kev sib txuas rau cov dej yog nyob rau sab. Rau "ladders" xaiv kab pheeb ces kaum, sab lossis hauv qab txuas.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke ua ke rhuab phuam rail

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov phuam da dej yog ua raws li "ob leeg hauv ib qho" txoj cai: nws muaj ib qho dej thiab ib qho hluav taws xob. Hom phuam rhawv no yooj yim heev: koj tsis nyob ntawm qhov muaj dej kub hauv cov kav dej, qhov siab, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab dej ntawm cov khoom siv tau tag nrho.

Xws li rhuab phuam rails yog kim, ntxiv rau, cov kev cai thiab kev sib txuas algorithms uas raug rau ob qho tib si hluav taws xob thiab dej apparatus yog tag nrho siv rau lawv. Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom ua raws li cov haujlwm hauv qab no:

• Ua ntej, tag nrho cov hauj lwm uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov cua sov los yog dej kub, tau piav qhia hauv tshooj ntawm cov dej rhaub cov phuam da dej, yog ua tiav.
• Tom qab ua tiav kev kuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev sib txuas dej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txuas ntxiv mus.

Cov Lus Qhia Kev Paub

Noj Qab Haus Huv Nyob Ze Kuv tau tig mus rau tus kws tshaj lij Yuri Epifanov nrog kev thov kom qhia meej qee cov ntsiab lus nyuaj thaum xaiv thiab txhim kho cov phuam da dej, nrog rau cov lus nug nrov.

Hom rhuab phuam rail yog ib qho tseem ceeb parameter uas yuav pib xaiv. Yog tias koj chav tsev twb tau txuas nrog cov phuam da dej, lossis yog tias nws yooj yim ua, ces nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws los txuas cov qauv dej. Yog tias kev tsim cov eyeliner kim heev (piv txwv li, riser lossis cov yeeb nkab loj yog tsim rau hauv phab ntsa), ces tus qauv hluav taws xob yog koj xaiv. Ua qhov tsim nyog hluav taws xob ua haujlwm hauv qhov no yog kom meej meej qhov tsawg dua ntawm kev phem.

Cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov phuam da dej sov feem ntau qhia txog kev siv lub zog ntawm cov cuab yeej, thaum lub zog cua sov tiag tiag yuav qis dua.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lwm cov qauv tsim. Piv txwv li, txawm hais tias lub rhuab phuam rail yuav nyob ruaj ruaj los yog nrog cov seem txav. Yog tias koj xav tau qhov kev xaiv thib ob, nws raug nquahu kom xaiv cov qauv hluav taws xob.

Raws li cov kav dej nyob hauv koj chav li cas, koj tuaj yeem xaiv cov qauv phab ntsa lossis pem teb. Thaum kawg, koj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ntawm cov duab thiab qhov loj me. Qhov loj me yog xaiv raws li qhov ntev ntawm chav tsev, thiab cov duab ("nab", "ladder", U, M, E) yog qhov yooj yim dua thiab saj. Tab sis qhov loj dua qhov loj thiab siab dua qhov zaus ntawm cov kav dej los yog khoov ntawm ib lub yeeb nkab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntau dua yuav muab tawm (qhov no muaj tseeb dua rau cov dej thiab cov qauv ua ke).

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom siv, cov phuam sov ua los ntawm stainless hlau, tooj liab thiab tooj dag tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej zoo tshaj plaws. Koj yuav tsum sim xaiv cov qauv hauv cov kav dej uas tsis muaj qhov ntev ntev (lawv tuaj yeem pom yog tias koj saib hauv cov yeeb nkab). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thickness ntawm cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa yog los ntawm 2 hli. Ua ntej yuav khoom, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov khoom nws tus kheej: cov welds yuav tsum yog txawm, cov khoov yuav tsum du, tsis muaj deformation.

Nrov lus nug thiab lus teb