Cov txheej txheem sib txuas enzyme immunoabsorption assay - hauv Lus Askiv Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - lossis ELISA test yog ib qho kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tso cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav lossis kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov molecules hauv cov qauv lom neeg. Nws yog lub tswv yim thiab tsim los ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb Swedish, Peter Perlmann thiab Eva Engvall ntawm Stockholm University hauv 1971.

Cov molecules soj ntsuam los ntawm txoj kev ELISA feem ntau yog cov proteins. Thiab cov qauv piv txwv muaj xws li cov khoom siv roj ntsha - ntshav, ntshav, zis, perspirant -, cell culture media, los yog recombinant protein - protein uas tsim los ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes uas nws cov khoom siv noob caj noob ces tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces - purified rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Kev kuaj ELISA feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob txhawm rau kuaj thiab / lossis ntsuas qhov muaj cov proteins, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis antigens hauv cov qauv. Qhov kev kuaj serological no pom tshwj xeeb yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim los ntawm lub cev hauv kev teb rau kev kis kab mob.

Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau kev kuaj kab mob sib kis sawv cev rau ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb thiab nrawm. Cov txheej txheem ELISA yog cov txheej txheem immuno-enzymatic uas ua rau nws pom tau, los ntawm cov qauv lom neeg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - lub cev suav tias yog txawv teb chaws los ntawm cov kab mob nyob - thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim uas tsim los ntawm cov cim enzyme - Feem ntau alkaline phosphatase thiab peroxidase - yav tas los txuas rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim lees paub qhov kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov kab mob sib cais lossis muaj cov kab mob uas xav tau thiab qhov kev siv ntawm cov xim muab qhov qhia txog tus nqi ntawm antigens lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov qauv muab.

Muaj plaub hom kev xeem ELISA:

• ELISA direct, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus ntes los yog ntsuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tsuas yog siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug xwb;
• ELISA indirect, feem ntau siv, kuj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus ntes los yog soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thib ob uas ua rau nws muaj kev nkag siab zoo dua li ELISA ncaj qha;
• ELISA hauv kev sib tw, tso cai rau noj cov tshuaj antigens. Ua los ntawm kev sib tw rau cov ntawv cog lus, nws tsis siv ib qho enzyme;
• ELISA "hauv Sandwich", tso cai rau noj cov tshuaj antigens. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau siv hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Kev xeem ELISA yog siv rau:

• Nrhiav thiab ntsuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv serology rau kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob sib kis: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, thiab lwm yam;
• Noj cov proteins uas tsis tshua muaj siab: ntau npaum li cas ntawm qee cov plasma proteins (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, cov tshuaj hormones protein, thiab lwm yam), cov cim qog, thiab lwm yam.;
• Dos me me molecules: steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, tshuaj ...

Kev kuaj ELISA yog siv tshwj xeeb los kuaj xyuas ntau yam kab mob sib kis:

Kab mob sib kis (STDs)

Xws li kab mob siab, mob syphilis, chlamydia thiab HIV. Pom zoo los ntawm cov kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, nws yog qhov kev kuaj mob AIDS tseem ceeb: nws pom tias muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob HIV thiab p24 antigen rau lub lis piam tom qab kis kab mob.

Cov kab mob hauv cheeb tsam lossis kab mob

Yellow fever, Marburg virus disease (MVM), Ladengue, Lyme disease, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Lassa fever, thiab lwm yam.

Covid-19

Yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntau tshaj 2 mus rau 3 lub lis piam tom qab pib cov tsos mob, qhov kev sim ELISA ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas, tsawg dua ib teev, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv SARS-CoV-2.

Cov kab mob kis kab mob ua rau muaj kab mob ua ntej yug menyuam

Piv txwv li, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex.

Lwm yam xwm txheej

Tab sis nws kuj tau pom cov ntawv thov hauv kev tshawb nrhiav:

• Kev xeeb tub;
• Cov kab mob autoimmune;
• Khoom noj khoom haus allergens: qhov kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm tag nrho cov immunoglobulins E (IgE) pab hauv kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev kho mob ntawm kev ua xua;
• Hormonal cuam tshuam;
• qog nqaij hlav;
• Cov kab mob cog;
• Thiab ntau ntxiv

Raws li ib feem ntawm kev kuaj pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv-SARS-CoV-2, kev tshawb nrhiav kev sim ua tiav thaum Lub Yim Hli 2020 los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Pasteur, CNRS, Inserm thiab University of Paris lees paub qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm ELISA kev sim: ob qho tib si ELISA kev sim siv tag nrho N protein ntawm SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) lossis extracellular domain of the virus spike (S) as target antigens. Cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv ntau dua 90% ntawm cov neeg mob, nrog rau qhov tsis muaj tseeb-zoo ntawm 1%.

Ua nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam cov chaw soj nstuam ntawm cov ntawv kho mob, cov kev kuaj Elisa raug nqi ib ncig ntawm 10 euros thiab tau them rov qab ntawm 100% los ntawm Health Insurance.

Ua tiav hauv cov ntaub ntawv pub dawb, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab kuaj cov chaw (CeGIDD), lawv tuaj yeem pub dawb rau HIV thiab SARS-CoV-2.