Keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm Hayflick txoj kev xav
Leonard Hayflick (yug Lub Tsib Hlis 20, 1928 hauv Philadelphia), tus xibfwb ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm University of California ntawm San Francisco, tau tsim nws txoj kev xav thaum ua haujlwm ntawm Wistar Institute hauv Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, xyoo 1965. Frank MacFarlane Burnet tau hu lub tswv yim no tom qab Hayflick hauv Nws phau ntawv hu ua Internal Mutagenesis, luam tawm xyoo 1974. Lub tswv yim ntawm Hayflick txwv tau pab cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cell aging nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, kev loj hlob ntawm tes los ntawm embryonic theem mus rau kev tuag, nrog rau cov nyhuv ntawm shortening qhov ntev ntawm qhov kawg ntawm chromosomes hu ua. telomeres.
Xyoo 1961, Hayflick pib ua haujlwm ntawm Wistar Institute, qhov chaw uas nws tau pom los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tias tib neeg lub hlwb tsis sib faib tsis tu ncua. Hayflick thiab Paul Moorehead tau piav txog qhov tshwm sim no nyob rau hauv ib lub npe hu ua Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains. Hayflick txoj haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum Wistar yog npaj los muab kev daws teeb meem rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm lub koom haum, tab sis tib lub sijhawm Hayflick tau koom nrog nws tus kheej kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov hlwb. Xyoo 1965, Hayflick tau piav qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm Hayflick txwv nyob rau hauv ib qho monograph hu ua "Limited Lifespan of Human Diploid Cell Strains in the Artificial Environment".
Hayflick tuaj rau qhov xaus tias lub xovtooj ntawm tes muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav mitosis, piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam los ntawm kev faib, tsuas yog plaub caug rau rau caum zaug, tom qab ntawd kev tuag tshwm sim. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no siv rau txhua yam ntawm cov hlwb, txawm tias cov neeg laus lossis cov kab mob. Hayflick muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev xav raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus replicate muaj peev xwm ntawm lub cell yog txuam nrog nws cov laus thiab, raws li, nrog rau cov txheej txheem aging ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
Xyoo 1974, Hayflick tau tsim lub koom haum National ntawm Kev Laus hauv Bethesda, Maryland.
Lub koom haum no yog ib ceg ntawm US National Institutes of Health. Xyoo 1982, Hayflick kuj tau los ua tus lwm thawj ntawm American Society for Gerontology, nrhiav tau hauv 1945 hauv New York. Tom qab ntawd, Hayflick tau ua haujlwm kom nrov nws txoj kev xav thiab tsis lees paub Carrel txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsis txawj tuag ntawm tes.
Refutation ntawm Carrel txoj kev xav
Alexis Carrel, tus kws phais neeg Fab Kis uas tau ua haujlwm nrog nqaij qaib plawv hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ntseeg tias cov hlwb tuaj yeem tsim tawm tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev faib. Carrel tau thov tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev faib cov nqaij qaib plawv hauv cov khoom noj nruab nrab - cov txheej txheem no txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo. Nws cov kev sim nrog nqaij qaib lub plawv tau txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib faib ntawm tes tsis kawg. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim rov ua haujlwm ntawm Carrel, tab sis lawv qhov kev sim tsis tau lees paub qhov "kev tshawb pom" ntawm Carrel.
Kev thuam ntawm Hayflick txoj kev xav
Hauv xyoo 1990, qee cov kws tshawb fawb, xws li Harry Rubin ntawm University of California ntawm Berkeley, tau hais tias Hayflick txwv tsuas yog siv rau cov hlwb puas. Rubin tau hais tias kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlwb nyob hauv ib puag ncig txawv ntawm lawv qhov qub ib puag ncig hauv lub cev, lossis los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nthuav tawm cov hlwb hauv chav kuaj.
Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev laus
Txawm tias muaj kev thuam, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tau siv Hayflick txoj kev xav ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev laus ntawm tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog telomeres, uas yog cov seem ntawm cov chromosomes. Telomeres tiv thaiv chromosomes thiab txo cov kev hloov hauv DNA. Xyoo 1973, tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias A. Olovnikov tau siv Hayflick txoj kev xav ntawm kev tuag ntawm tes hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb txog qhov kawg ntawm chromosomes uas tsis tsim lawv tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm mitosis. Raws li Olovnikov, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib ntawm tes yuav xaus sai li sai tau thaum lub xov tooj ntawm tes tsis tuaj yeem rov tsim dua qhov kawg ntawm nws cov chromosomes.
Ib xyoos tom qab, xyoo 1974, Burnet hu ua Hayflick txoj kev xav Hayflick txwv, siv lub npe no hauv nws daim ntawv, Internal Mutagenesis. Hauv plawv ntawm Burnet txoj haujlwm yog qhov kev xav tias kev laus yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov hlwb ntawm ntau hom kev ua neej, thiab lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb sib raug rau txoj kev xav hu ua Hayflick txwv, uas tsim lub sijhawm tuag ntawm lub cev.
Elizabeth Blackburn ntawm University of San Francisco thiab nws cov npoj yaig Jack Szostak ntawm Harvard Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob hauv Boston, Massachusetts, tig mus rau txoj kev xav ntawm Hayflick txwv hauv lawv txoj kev kawm txog cov qauv ntawm telomeres hauv 1982 thaum lawv ua tiav hauv cloning thiab cais telomeres.
Xyoo 1989, Greider thiab Blackburn tau coj cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev kawm txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev laus ntawm tes los ntawm kev tshawb pom ib qho enzyme hu ua telomerase (ib qho enzyme los ntawm pab pawg neeg hloov pauv uas tswj qhov loj, tus lej thiab nucleotide muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm chromosome telomeres). Greider thiab Blackburn pom tias muaj telomerase pab lub cev hlwb kom tsis txhob muaj kev tuag.
Xyoo 2009, Blackburn, D. Szostak thiab K. Greider tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj nrog cov lus "rau lawv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv chromosomes los ntawm telomeres thiab enzyme telomerase." Lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li Hayflick txwv.