Tag nrho cov txhuam hniav siv thiab muab pov tseg txhua xyoo tau nce tsis tu ncua txij li kev nthuav qhia thawj tus txhuam hniav yas hauv xyoo 1930. Tau ntau pua xyoo, txhuam hniav tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, manufacturers pib siv nylon thiab lwm yam yas los ua cov txhuam hniav. Yas yog zoo li tsis-degradable, uas txhais tau hais tias yuav luag txhua txhua txhuam hniav tsim txij li thaum xyoo 1930s tseem muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov khib nyiab.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws invention ntawm txhua lub sijhawm?
Nws hloov tawm tias tib neeg nyiam txhuam hniav. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb MIT hauv xyoo 2003 pom tias txhuam hniav muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li lub tsheb, khoos phis tawj ntawm tus kheej, thiab xov tooj ntawm tes vim tias cov neeg teb feem ntau hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj lawv.
Archaeologists tau pom "cov hniav sticks" nyob rau hauv Egyptian tombs. Huab Tais cheem cov twig los txhuam nws cov hniav. Tus kws sau ntawv Loos Pliny tus Txwj Laug tau sau tseg tias "cov hniav yuav muaj zog dua yog tias koj khaws cov plaub hau porcupine," thiab tus kws sau paj lug Roman Ovid tau sib cav tias kev ntxuav koj cov hniav txhua tag kis yog ib lub tswv yim zoo.
Kev kho hniav nyob hauv lub siab ntawm Suav Hongzhi Emperor nyob rau xyoo 1400s, uas tau tsim cov cuab yeej txhuam zoo li peb txhua tus paub niaj hnub no. Nws muaj luv luv tuab npua teb bristles shaved los ntawm lub caj dab ntawm ib tug npua thiab teem rau hauv ib tug pob txha los yog ntoo kov. Qhov kev tsim qauv yooj yim no tau tshwm sim tsis hloov pauv rau ntau pua xyoo. Tab sis boar bristles thiab pob txha tuav yog cov khoom kim heev, yog li tsuas yog cov nplua nuj tuaj yeem them taus txhuam. Txhua leej txhua tus yuav tsum tau ua nrog zom sticks, scraps ntawm daim ntaub, ntiv tes, los yog tsis muaj dab tsi hlo li. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1920, tsuas yog ib ntawm plaub tus neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj cov txhuam hniav.
Tsov rog hloov txhua yam
Nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 19th lig uas lub tswv yim ntawm kev kho hniav rau txhua tus, nplua nuj thiab pluag, pib nkag mus rau hauv pej xeem kev nco qab. Ib qho ntawm cov tsav tsheb tom qab qhov kev hloov pauv no yog kev ua tsov rog.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum lub sij hawm American Civil War, rab phom tau ntim ib rab phom ib zaug, nrog cov hmoov phom thiab cov mos txwv uas tau muab qhwv rau hauv cov ntawv hnyav hnyav. Cov tub rog yuav tsum tau rhuav daim ntawv nrog lawv cov hniav, tab sis qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov hniav ntawm cov tub rog tsis tas yuav tso cai rau qhov no. Obviously qhov no yog qhov teeb meem. Cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb tau nrhiav cov kws kho hniav los muab kev saib xyuas tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, ib tug kws kho hniav ib pab tub rog tau yuam cov tub rog ntawm nws lub tsev khaws lawv cov txhuam hniav hauv lawv cov pob khawm kom lawv nkag tau yooj yim txhua lub sijhawm.
Nws tau siv ob qhov kev ua tub rog loj ntxiv kom tau cov txhuam hniav hauv yuav luag txhua chav dej. Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX, cov tub rog tau raug cob qhia hauv kev kho hniav, cov kws kho hniav raug coj mus rau hauv cov tub rog, thiab cov txhuam hniav raug xa mus rau cov tub rog. Thaum cov tub rog rov los tsev, lawv coj nrog lawv cov cwj pwm ntawm txhuam hniav.
“Txoj Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Kev Ua Neeg Amelikas”
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus cwj pwm ntawm kev tu lub qhov ncauj tau hloov pauv thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Cov kws kho hniav pib saib kev kho hniav raws li kev sib raug zoo, kev coj ncaj ncees, thiab txawm tias muaj kev sib haum xeeb. "Yog tias cov hniav tsis zoo tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub xeev thiab cov tib neeg, vim tias nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias muaj pes tsawg tus kab mob cuam tshuam nrog cov hniav tsis zoo," sau ib tus kws kho hniav xyoo 1904.
Kev sib raug zoo mus rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov hniav noj qab haus huv tau kis thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, cov phiaj xwm no tau tsom mus rau cov neeg pluag, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab cov neeg tsis muaj zog. Kev tu lub qhov ncauj feem ntau tau siv los ua "Americanize" cov zej zog.
Yas nqus
Raws li qhov kev thov rau cov txhuam hniav loj hlob, yog li ua tau ntau lawm, pab los ntawm kev qhia txog cov yas tshiab.
Thaum xyoo 1900s, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias kev sib xyaw ntawm nitrocellulose thiab camphor, cov khoom muaj roj tsw qab uas tau los ntawm camphor laurel, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog, ci, thiab qee zaum cov khoom tawg. Cov khoom siv, hu ua "celluloid", yog pheej yig thiab tuaj yeem ua rau hauv txhua yam, zoo meej rau kev txhuam hniav.
Xyoo 1938, ib lub chaw soj nstuam hauv tebchaws Nyij Pooj tau tsim cov khoom nyias nyias, uas nws vam tias yuav hloov cov lo lo ntxhuav siv los ua cov hlua khi rau cov tub rog. Yuav luag ib txhij, lub tuam txhab tshuaj American DuPont tso nws cov khoom siv fiber ntau zoo, nylon.
Silky, ruaj thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm saj zawg zog cov ntaub ntawv los ua ib tug zoo heev hloov rau kim thiab brittle boar bristles. Xyoo 1938, ib lub tuam txhab hu ua Dr. West's pib muab lawv lub taub hau "Dr. West Miracle Txhuam" nrog nylon bristles. Cov khoom siv hluavtaws, raws li lub tuam txhab, ntxuav tau zoo dua thiab siv sijhawm ntev dua li qub cov txhuam hniav ntuj.
Txij thaum ntawd los, celluloid tau hloov los ntawm cov yas tshiab thiab cov qauv tsim bristle tau dhau los ua ntau txoj hauv kev, tab sis txhuam hniav ib txwm yog yas.
Lub neej yav tom ntej tsis muaj yas?
Lub koom haum American Dental Association qhia tias txhua tus neeg hloov lawv cov txhuam hniav txhua peb mus rau plaub lub hlis. Yog li, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tus txhuam hniav raug pov tseg txhua xyoo hauv Asmeskas ib leeg. Thiab yog tias txhua tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb ua raws li cov lus pom zoo no, kwv yees li 23 billion tus txhuam hniav yuav xaus rau hauv qhov xwm txheej txhua xyoo. Ntau cov txhuam hniav tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab vim tias cov khoom siv sib xyaw uas feem ntau cov txhuam hniav tau ua tam sim no nyuaj, thiab qee zaum ua tsis tau, kom rov ua tau zoo.
Niaj hnub no, qee lub tuam txhab tau rov qab mus rau cov khoom siv ntuj xws li ntoo lossis npuaj bristles. Xyoob txhuam hniav tuaj yeem daws tau ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov txhuam hniav no muaj nylon bristles. Qee lub tuam txhab tau rov qab mus rau cov qauv tsim uas tau pib pib yuav luag ib puas xyoo dhau los: txhuam hniav nrog lub taub hau tshem tau.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los nrhiav kev xaiv txhuam tsis muaj yas. Tab sis ib qho kev xaiv uas txo tag nrho cov khoom siv thiab ntim khoom siv yog ib kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev.