txheem
Macronutrients yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev, tus nqi txhua hnub rau tib neeg yog 200 mg.
Tsis muaj macronutrients ua rau cov kab mob metabolic, ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm ntau lub cev thiab lub cev.
Muaj lus hais tias: peb yog yam peb noj. Tab sis, tau kawg, yog tias koj nug koj cov phooj ywg thaum lawv noj zaum kawg, piv txwv li, sulfur lossis chlorine, kev xav tsis thoob hauv cov lus teb tsis tuaj yeem zam. Lub caij no, nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj yuav luag 60 yam tshuaj, cov reserves uas peb, tej zaum tsis paub nws, replenish los ntawm cov zaub mov. Thiab kwv yees li 96% ntawm peb txhua tus muaj tsuas yog 4 lub npe tshuaj uas sawv cev rau pawg macronutrients. Thiab qhov no:
- oxygen (muaj 65% hauv txhua tus tib neeg lub cev);
- carbon (18%);
- hydrogen (10%);
- nitrogen (3%).
Qhov seem 4 feem pua yog lwm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov ntawv teev sijhawm. Muaj tseeb, lawv tsawg dua thiab lawv sawv cev rau lwm pab pawg ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig - microelements.
Rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntau tshaj plaws-macronutrients, nws yog ib txwm siv lub sij hawm-lub npe CHON, tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv loj ntawm cov ntsiab lus: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen thiab nitrogen hauv Latin (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen).
Macroelements nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, xwm tau tshem tawm heev lub hwj chim. Nws nyob ntawm lawv:
- tsim ntawm pob txha thiab hlwb;
- lub cev pH;
- kev thauj mus los ntawm paj hlwb impulses;
- qhov txaus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev sim, nws tau pom tias txhua hnub ib tus neeg xav tau 12 cov zaub mov (calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, tooj liab, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chlorine). Tab sis txawm tias cov 12 no yuav tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov haujlwm ntawm cov as-ham.
Khoom noj khoom haus
Yuav luag txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis tsuas yog 20 ntawm lawv yog cov tseem ceeb.
Cov ntsiab lus no tau muab faib ua:
- 6 ntawm cov as-ham tseem ceeb (sawv cev nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua yam muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb thiab feem ntau hauv ntau qhov ntau);
- 5 cov khoom noj me me (pom nyob hauv ntau yam muaj sia nyob hauv cov khoom me me);
- kab kawm (cov khoom tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv me me kom tswj tau cov tshuaj biochemical uas lub neej nyob ntawm).
Ntawm cov as-ham yog txawv:
- macronutrients;
- kab kawm.
Lub ntsiab biogenic ntsiab, los yog organogens, yog ib pawg ntawm carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, thiab phosphorus. Cov khoom noj me me yog sawv cev los ntawm sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine.
Cov pa oxygen (O)
Qhov no yog qhov thib ob hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib feem ntawm dej, thiab, raws li koj paub, nws yog hais txog 60 feem pua ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Hauv daim ntawv gaseous, oxygen dhau los ua ib feem ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, nws plays lub luag hauj lwm txiav txim siab los txhawb lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, txhawb photosynthesis (nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag) thiab ua pa (hauv tsiaj thiab tib neeg).
Pa roj carbon (C)
Cov pa roj carbon kuj tseem tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog kev sib txuas nrog lub neej: cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm txhua tus tsiaj hauv ntiaj teb muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov pa roj carbon monoxide pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm qee lub zog, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev khiav ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm qib cell. Ntau cov tebchaw uas muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide tau yooj yim ignited, tso cua sov thiab lub teeb.
Hydrogen (H)
Qhov no yog lub teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau nyob hauv lub Ntiaj Teb (tshwj xeeb, hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob-atomic gas H2). Hydrogen yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Nrog oxygen nws tsim cov khoom tawg. Nws muaj 3 isotope.
Nitrogen (N)
Lub caij nrog atomic tooj 7 yog cov roj tseem ceeb hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Nitrogen yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov organic molecules, nrog rau cov amino acids, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov proteins thiab nucleic acids uas tsim DNA. Yuav luag tag nrho cov nitrogen yog tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw - lub thiaj li hu ua planetary nebulae tsim los ntawm cov hnub qub laus enrich lub ntug nrog no macro ntsiab.
Lwm cov macronutrients
Qab Zib (K)
Potassium (0,25%) yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem electrolyte hauv lub cev. Hauv cov lus yooj yooj yim: thauj tus nqi los ntawm cov kua. Qhov no pab tswj lub plawv dhia thiab xa cov impulses ntawm lub paj hlwb. Kuj koom nrog hauv homeostasis. Deficiency ntawm lub caij ua rau muaj teeb meem nrog lub plawv, mus txog rau nws nres.
Calcium (Ca)
Calcium (1,5%) yog cov khoom noj uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev - yuav luag tag nrho cov reserves ntawm cov tshuaj no yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov hniav thiab cov pob txha. Calcium yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov leeg nqaij thiab kev tswj cov protein. Tab sis lub cev yuav "noj" cov khoom no los ntawm cov pob txha (uas yog qhov txaus ntshai los ntawm kev txhim kho pob txha), yog tias nws xav tias nws tsis muaj peev xwm noj txhua hnub.
Yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau kev tsim ntawm cell membranes. Tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg xav tau cov macronutrient no los tswj cov pob txha thiab cov hniav. Tsis tas li ntawd, calcium plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm "moderator" ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv cytoplasm ntawm cov hlwb. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, sawv cev nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntau pob zeb (chalk, limestone).
Calcium hauv tib neeg:
- cuam tshuam rau neuromuscular excitability - koom rau hauv cov leeg nqaij contraction (hypocalcemia ua rau convulsions);
- tswj glycogenolysis (kev puas tsuaj ntawm glycogen mus rau lub xeev ntawm cov piam thaj) hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab gluconeogenesis (kev tsim cov piam thaj los ntawm cov tsis-carbohydrate formations) hauv ob lub raum thiab daim siab;
- txo cov permeability ntawm cov phab ntsa capillary thiab cov cell membrane, yog li txhim kho cov anti-inflammatory thiab anti-allergic teebmeem;
- txhawb nqa ntshav txhaws.
Calcium ions yog ib qho tseem ceeb intracellular messengers uas cuam tshuam rau insulin thiab digestive enzymes nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv.
Ca absorption nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm phosphorus hauv lub cev. Kev sib pauv ntawm calcium thiab phosphate yog tswj hwm hormonally. Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone) tso tawm Ca los ntawm cov pob txha mus rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab calcitonin (thyroid hormone) txhawb nqa cov khoom tso rau hauv cov pob txha, uas txo nws cov concentration hauv cov ntshav.
Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium (0,05%) plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg.
Nws yog ib tog rau ntau tshaj 300 metabolic tshua. Hom kab mob intracellular cation, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm chlorophyll. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cev pob txha (70% ntawm tag nrho cov) thiab cov leeg. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kua dej hauv lub cev.
Hauv tib neeg lub cev, magnesium yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov leeg nqaij so, tshem tawm cov co toxins, thiab txhim kho cov ntshav khiav mus rau lub plawv. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog kev zom zaub mov thiab ua rau kev loj hlob qeeb, ua rau qaug zog sai, tachycardia, insomnia, PMS nce rau cov poj niam. Tab sis ib qho dhau ntawm macro yog yuav luag txhua qhov kev loj hlob ntawm urolithiasis.
Sodium (Na)
Sodium (0,15%) yog ib yam khoom uas txhawb nqa electrolyte tshuav nyiaj li cas. Nws pab xa cov paj hlwb hauv lub cev, thiab tseem muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj cov dej hauv lub cev, tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej.
Tub Lauj (S)
Sulfur (0,25%) muaj nyob rau hauv 2 amino acids uas tsim cov proteins.
Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus (1%) yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cov pob txha, nyiam dua. Tab sis tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ATP molecule uas muab cov hlwb nrog lub zog. Muaj nyob rau hauv nucleic acids, cell membranes, pob txha. Zoo li calcium, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho kom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev musculoskeletal. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev ua ib tug yam ntxwv muaj nuj nqi.
Cov tshuaj chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine (0,15%) feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tsis zoo ion (chloride). Nws cov haujlwm muaj xws li tswj cov dej sib npaug hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, chlorine yog tshuaj lom ntsuab. Muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim chlorides.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm macronutrients rau tib neeg
| Macro element | Cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev | Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis txaus | Qhov chaw ntawm |
|---|---|---|---|
| poov tshuaj | Ib feem ntawm cov kua dej intracellular, kho qhov sib npaug ntawm alkali thiab acids, txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm glycogen thiab cov protein, cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg. | Kev mob caj dab, kab mob ntawm cov leeg, tuag tes tuag taw, tsis muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses, arrhythmia. | Poov xab, txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav, qos yaj ywm, taum. |
| calcium | Ua kom cov pob txha, cov hniav, txhawb cov leeg elasticity, tswj cov ntshav txhaws. | Osteoporosis, convulsions, deterioration ntawm cov plaub hau thiab rau tes, los ntshav cov pos hniav. | Bran, ceev, txawv ntau yam ntawm cabbage. |
| magnesium | Ua rau cov metabolism hauv carbohydrate, txo cov roj cholesterol, ua kom lub cev muaj zog. | Ntshai, loog ntawm cov ceg, siab surges, mob nyob rau hauv lub nraub qaum, caj dab, taub hau. | Cereals, taum, zaub ntsuab tsaus, txiv ntseej, prunes, txiv tsawb. |
| sodium | Tswj cov acid-base muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsa lub suab nrov. | Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm acids thiab alkalis hauv lub cev. | Olives, pob kws, zaub ntsuab. |
| sulfur | Txhawb kev tsim lub zog thiab collagen, tswj cov ntshav txhaws. | Tachycardia, kub siab, cem quav, mob nyob rau hauv cov pob qij txha, deterioration ntawm cov plaub hau. | Dos, zaub qhwv, taum, txiv apples, gooseberries. |
| phosphorus | Koom tes hauv kev tsim cov hlwb, cov tshuaj hormones, tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab hlwb hlwb. | Kev qaug zog, cuam tshuam, osteoporosis, rickets, leeg nqaij. | Cov nqaij nruab deg, taum, zaub qhwv, txiv laum huab xeeb. |
| Cov tshuaj chlorine ua | Muaj feem xyuam rau kev tsim cov hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv lub plab, yog koom nrog hauv kev sib pauv ntawm cov kua dej. | Kev txo qis hauv plab acidity, gastritis. | Rye qhob cij, zaub qhwv, zaub ntsuab, txiv tsawb. |
Txhua yam nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, los ntawm cov tsiaj loj tshaj plaws mus rau cov kab me tshaj plaws, nyob hauv cov niches sib txawv hauv ecosystem ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag tag nrho cov kab mob yog tshuaj tsim los ntawm tib "cov khoom xyaw": carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm lub sijhawm. Thiab qhov tseeb no piav qhia vim li cas nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom txaus txaus ntawm cov macrocells tsim nyog, vim tias tsis muaj lawv tsis muaj txoj sia.