Bioplastic
Lub sij hawm hloov tau yooj yim yog tam sim no siv rau ntau yam ntawm cov yas, suav nrog ob qho tib si fossil-roj thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha uas tau los ntawm biodegradable, thiab bio-based plastics uas tsis biodegradable. Hauv lwm lo lus, tsis muaj kev lees paub tias "bioplastic" yuav ua los ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsis yog fossil fuels lossis tias nws yuav biodegrade.
biodegradable yas
Cov khoom lag luam biodegradable yuav tsum, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob, decompose rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv raw li lub sijhawm. "Biodegradation" yog txheej txheem tob dua li "kev puas tsuaj" lossis "kev lwj". Thaum lawv hais tias cov yas "lov", qhov tseeb nws tsuas yog ua me me ntawm cov yas. Tsis muaj ib qho kev lees paub dav dav rau kev sau cov khoom raws li "biodegradable", uas txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los txhais nws txhais tau li cas, thiab yog li cov tuam txhab siv nws tsis sib haum.
tshuaj
Cov tshuaj ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov khoom yas los ua kom lawv muaj zog dua, muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, hloov tau yooj yim dua, thiab ntau lwm yam kev xav tau. Cov additives muaj xws li dej repellants, nplaim retardants, thickeners, softeners, pigments, thiab UV curing agents. Ib co ntawm cov additives no tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshuaj lom.
Compostable yas
Rau ib yam khoom los ua compostable, nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm decompose rau hauv nws cov khoom ntuj (lossis biodegradable) hauv "ib puag ncig tsim nyog composting". Qee cov plastics yog compostable, txawm hais tias feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem composted nyob rau hauv ib lub tiaj nyom compost pawg. Hloov chaw, lawv xav tau qhov kub ntau dua nyob rau lub sijhawm kom tag nrho decompose.
Microplastics
Microplastics yog cov khoom yas uas muaj tsawg dua tsib millimeters ntev. Muaj ob hom microplastics: thawj thiab theem nrab.
Cov microplastics tseem ceeb suav nrog cov pellets resin uas tau yaj los ua cov khoom yas thiab cov microbeads ntxiv rau cov khoom xws li tshuaj pleev ib ce, xab npum thiab tshuaj txhuam hniav ua cov khoom abrasives. Secondary microplastics tshwm sim los ntawm crushing ntawm cov khoom yas loj. Microfibers yog ib tug tib neeg yas strands uas yog woven ua ke los ua fabrics xws li polyester, nylon, acrylic, thiab lwm yam. Thaum hnav thiab ntxuav, microfibers nkag mus rau hauv huab cua thiab dej.
Kev ua haujlwm ib leeg
Ib qho system uas txhua yam khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab - ntawv xov xwm, duab los qhia, yas, hlau, iav - tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab. Cov khib nyiab thib ob yog txheeb ntawm qhov chaw rov ua dua los ntawm cov tshuab thiab ntawm tes, tsis yog los ntawm cov tswv tsev. Txoj kev no muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Cov neeg tawm tswv yim hais tias kev rov ua dua ib zaug ua rau muaj kev koom tes rau pej xeem hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab, tab sis cov neeg tawm tsam hais tias nws ua rau muaj kuab paug ntau dua vim tias qee cov khoom siv rov ua dua tau xaus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg thiab raug nqi ntau dua.
Plastics pov tseg
Cov khoom yas txhais tau tias tsuas yog siv ib zaug xwb, xws li cov hnab ntim khoom noj nyias nyias thiab cov ntim zaj duab xis uas kaw txhua yam ntawm zaub mov mus rau cov khoom ua si. Kwv yees li 40% ntawm tag nrho cov yas uas tsis yog fiber ntau yog siv rau ntim. Environmentalists tab tom sim ntxias tib neeg kom txiav rov qab rau ib leeg-siv plastics thiab es tsis txhob xaiv cov khoom siv ruaj khov ntau dua li cov fwj hlau lossis cov hnab paj rwb.
dej hiav txwv ncig tam sim no
Muaj tsib lub voj voog loj hauv ntiaj teb, uas yog cov txheej txheem loj ntawm kev hloov dej hiav txwv tam sim no tsim los ntawm cua thiab dej ntws: North thiab South Pacific Circular Currents, North thiab South Atlantic Circular Currents, thiab Indian Ocean Circular Currents. Lub voj voog tam sim no sau thiab mloog cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv mus rau thaj chaw loj ntawm cov khib nyiab. Tag nrho cov gyres loj tam sim no muaj thaj tsam ntawm cov khib nyiab, thiab thaj ua rau thaj tshiab feem ntau pom hauv cov gyres me.
dej hiav txwv thoob khib nyiab thaj
Vim yog qhov kev ua ntawm dej hiav txwv tam sim no, cov khib nyiab marine feem ntau sau rau hauv dej hiav txwv ncig tam sim no, ua qhov hu ua cov khib nyiab thaj ua rau thaj. Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog loj tshaj plaws, cov thaj ua rau thaj no tuaj yeem npog ib lab square mais. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau cov pob no yog yas. Ib qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv hu ua Great Pacific Garbage Patch thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm California thiab Hawaii hauv North Pacific Dej hiav txwv.
polymers
Plastics, tseem hu ua polymers, yog tsim los ntawm kev koom ua ke me me blocks los yog chav tsev cell. Cov blocks uas chemists hu ua monomers yog tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov atoms muab los ntawm cov khoom ntuj los yog los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tshuaj tseem ceeb los ntawm cov roj, cov nkev, lossis cov thee. Rau qee cov yas, xws li polyethylene, tsuas yog ib qho carbon atom thiab ob lub hydrogen atoms tuaj yeem ua ib chav tsev rov ua dua. Rau lwm cov khoom yas, xws li nylon, chav tsev rov tuaj yeem suav nrog 38 lossis ntau dua atoms. Thaum sib sau ua ke, monomer chains muaj zog, lub teeb thiab ruaj khov, uas ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv tsev - thiab muaj teeb meem thaum lawv tsis tu ncua.
PAT
PET, los yog polyethylene terephthalate, yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv hom polymers lossis yas. Nws yog pob tshab, ruaj khov thiab lub teeb yuag yas uas yog los ntawm tsev neeg polyester. Nws yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev.