txheem
Kev siv cov hlau hauv lub neej niaj hnub pib thaum kaj ntug ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob, thiab tooj liab yog thawj cov hlau, vim nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim. Tsis xav tias archaeologists thaum lub sij hawm excavations pom ntau yam khoom thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev ua los ntawm cov hlau no. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution, tib neeg maj mam kawm los ua ke ntau yam hlau, tau txais ntau thiab ntau check alloys haum rau tsim cov cuab yeej, thiab tom qab riam phom. Hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev sim txuas ntxiv mus, ua tsaug uas nws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov hlau ruaj khov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
10 titanium
Titanium qhib peb qhov kev ntsuam xyuas - lub zog siab zog hlau uas tam sim ntawd nyiam mloog. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm titanium yog:
- muaj zog tshwj xeeb;
- tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias;
- tsawg ntom;
- corrosion kuj;
- mechanical thiab chemical tsis kam.
Titanium yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tub rog, aviation tshuaj, shipbuilding, thiab lwm yam kev tsim khoom.
9. Uranus
Lub ntsiab nto moo tshaj plaws, uas yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj yog cov hlau tsis muaj zog. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws pom ob qho tib si hauv lub xeev dawb thiab hauv cov pob zeb acidic sedimentary. Nws yog qhov hnyav heev, dav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab muaj cov khoom paramagnetic, yoog raws, malleability, thiab txheeb ze plasticity. Uranium yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm ntau lawm.
8. tungsten
Paub tias yog cov hlau refractory tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm, thiab belongs rau cov hlau muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog ib qho khoom hloov pauv ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj silver-grey. Muaj lub siab durability, zoo heev infusibility, tsis kam mus rau tshuaj influences. Vim nws cov khoom, nws tuaj yeem raug forged thiab kos rau hauv cov xov nyias. Paub tias yog tungsten filament.
7. Rhenium
Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg no, nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hlau ntawm kev kub ceev, silvery-dawb xim. Nws tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis muaj nyob hauv molybdenum thiab tooj liab raw cov ntaub ntawv. Nws nta siab hardness thiab ntom, thiab muaj zoo heev refractoriness. Nws muaj zog ntxiv, uas tsis ploj nrog kev hloov pauv kub dua. Rhenium belongs rau cov hlau kim thiab muaj tus nqi siab. Siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub technology thiab electronics.
6. Osmium
Ib lub ci dawb silvery hlau nrog ib tug me ntsis bluish tint, belongs rau lub platinum pab pawg neeg thiab suav hais tias yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau check hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Zoo ib yam li iridium, nws muaj atomic ceev, siab zog thiab hardness. Txij li thaum osmium belongs rau platinum hlau, nws muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li iridium: refractoriness, hardness, brittleness, tsis kam mus rau txhua yam kev nyuaj siab, raws li zoo raws li lub zog ntawm aggression ib puag ncig. Tau pom dav daim ntawv thov hauv kev phais, electron microscopy, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, foob pob ua ntxaij tshuab, khoom siv hluav taws xob.
5. Beryllium
belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg hlau, thiab yog lub teeb grey keeb nrog cov txheeb ze hardness thiab siab toxicity. Vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb, beryllium yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam:
- nuclear zog;
- aerospace engineering;
- metallurgy;
- laser tshuab;
- nuclear zog.
Vim nws siab hardness, beryllium yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov alloying alloys thiab refractory ntaub ntawv.
4. Chrome
Chromium yog tom ntej no nyob rau hauv lub saum toj kaum feem ntau ruaj hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - ib tug nyuaj, siab-lub zog xiav-dawb hlau uas tiv taus alkalis thiab acids. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ceg ntawm science, technology thiab ntau lawm. Chromium Siv los tsim ntau yam alloys uas siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom siv kho mob thiab tshuaj ua haujlwm. Ua ke nrog cov hlau, nws tsim cov ferrochromium alloy, uas yog siv los ua cov cuab yeej txiav hlau.
3. Tantalum
Tantalum tsim nyog bronze nyob rau hauv qeb duas, raws li nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau check hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog ib tug silvery hlau nrog siab hardness thiab atomic ceev. Vim yog qhov tsim ntawm oxide zaj duab xis ntawm nws qhov chaw, nws muaj cov hmoov lead tint.
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm tantalum yog lub zog siab, refractoriness, tiv thaiv corrosion thiab aggressive media. Cov hlau yog cov hlau ncaj ncaj thiab tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim machined. Niaj hnub no tantalum tau ua tiav siv:
- hauv kev lag luam chemical;
- nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm nuclear reactors;
- nyob rau hauv metallurgy ntau lawm;
- thaum tsim cov cua sov-resistant alloys.
2. Ruthenium
Qhov thib ob kab ntawm qeb ntawm cov hlau ruaj khov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog nyob los ntawm ruthenium - ib tug silvery hlau teej tug mus rau lub platinum pab pawg neeg. Nws feature yog lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov leeg nqaij ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ruthenium yog lub zog siab, hardness, refractoriness, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov tebchaw nyuaj. Ruthenium yog suav hais tias yog ib qho catalyst rau ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov electrodes, kev sib cuag, thiab cov lus qhia ntse.
1. Iridium
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov hlau ruaj khov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog coj los ntawm iridium - silvery-dawb, tawv thiab refractory hlau uas belongs rau pawg platinum. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, lub zog muaj zog yog qhov tsawg heev, thiab feem ntau ua ke nrog osmium. Vim nws lub ntuj hardness, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tshuab thiab heev resistant rau tshuaj. Iridium reacts nrog nyuaj heev rau cov teebmeem ntawm halogens thiab sodium peroxide.
Cov hlau no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nws yog ntxiv rau titanium, chromium thiab tungsten los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv acidic ib puag ncig, siv hauv kev tsim cov ntawv sau, siv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tus nqi ntawm iridium tseem siab vim nws muaj tsawg nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej.