Txheev

Thaum nws los txog rau chitin, tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm biology tam sim ntawd lub siab. Arthropods, crustaceans thiab txhua yam txuas nrog lawv…

Tab sis, txawm tias qhov no, chitin kuj tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg.

Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm chitin

Chitin tau pom thawj zaug thaum xyoo 1821 los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub vaj cog qoob loo, Henry Bracon. Hauv kev kawm txog kev sim tshuaj, nws tau qhia tawm cov tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus kev cuam tshuam hauv sulfuric acid. Thiab ob xyoos tom qab, chitin tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov plhaub tarantula. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lo lus "chitin" tau thov los ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb yawg Audier, uas kawm txog cov tshuaj uas siv cov plhaub (cov pob txha sab nraud) ntawm kab.

Chitin yog ib qho polysaccharide uas yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov tawv nqaij zom-kom muaj cov zom zaub kom muaj pes tsawg leeg. Hais txog nws qhov kev tawm dag zog lub cev, nrog rau nws lub luag haujlwm roj ntsha, nws yog ze rau cov nroj tsuag fiber.

Chitin yog ib feem ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm tes ntawm hu ua fungi, nrog rau qee cov kab mob.

Tsim los ntawm cov amino qab zib seem ntawm acetylglucosamine, chitin yog ib qho muaj ntau tshaj polysaccharides hauv qhov.

Nws yog cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov fungi, kab mob, kab mob caj dab. Ntau hom chitin tau txheeb xyuas, sib txawv hauv lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv.

* Qhia kwv yees kom muaj nuj nqis (g) hauv 100 g ntawm cov khoom.

Txheev (Fabkis chitine, los ntawm Greek chiton - khaub ncaws, tawv nqaij, plhaub), lub ntuj tsim los ntawm pab pawg ntawm polysaccharides; lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha sab nraud (cuticle) ntawm arthropods thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam invertebrates; nws kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm fungi thiab kab mob. Ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiab txhawb nqa, muab cell rigidity. Lub sij hawm "X." tau tawm tswv yim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis A. Odier, uas (1823) tau kawm txog qhov nyuaj sab nrauv ntawm kab. H. muaj N-acetylglucosamine residues txuas los ntawm b- (1 ® 4)-glycosidic bonds.

Qhov hnyav molecular tuaj yeem ncav cuag 260,000. Nws tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej, dilute acids, alkalis, cawv, thiab lwm yam organic solvents, nws dissolves nyob rau hauv concentrated ntsev tov (lithium, calcium thiocyanate), thiab yog puas nyob rau hauv cov concentration ntawm mineral acids (thaum rhuab). Chlorine yeej ib txwm txuam nrog cov proteins nyob rau hauv ntuj tsim. Chlorine zoo ib yam li cov qauv, physicochemical zog, thiab lom lub luag hauj lwm rau cov nroj tsuag qab zib.

Chlorine biosynthesis nyob rau hauv lub cev tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib tug pub dawb, residue N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, thiab txais, chitodextrins, nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib tug enzymatic glycosyltransferase system txuam nrog intracellular daim nyias nyias. Cov tshuaj chlorine tau tawg los ntawm kev lom neeg kom dawb N-acetylglucosamine los ntawm enzyme chitinase, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov kab mob, ntawm cov plab hnyuv enzymes ntawm av amoebas, qee cov qwj, cov tsiaj nyeg, thiab kuj nyob rau hauv crustaceans thaum lub sij hawm molting. Thaum cov kab mob tuag lawm, cov tshuaj chlorine thiab nws cov khoom degradation tau hloov dua siab tshiab hauv av thiab hiav txwv silt mus rau hauv humic-zoo li cov tebchaw thiab pab txhawb rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm nitrogen hauv av.

Txhua hnub xav tau chitin

Kev siv ntau tshaj 3000mg ib hnub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom mov. Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom soj ntsuam qhov kub nruab nrab hauv kev siv cov khoom siv fais fab.

Qhov kev xav tau rau chitin nce:

• nrog rau qhov hnyav dhau;
• ua txhaum ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov rog hauv lub cev;
• ntshav siab;
• daim siab steatosis;
• nrog rau kev tshem tawm cov rog hauv cov zaub mov;
• nquag cem quav;
• ntshav qab zib mellitus;
• kev ua xua thiab qaug cawv ntawm lub cev.

Kev xav tau chitin txo qis:

• nrog kev tsim cov roj ntau dhau;
• dysbacteriosis;
• gastritis, pancreatitis thiab lwm yam kab mob inflammatory ntawm lub plab zom mov.

Kev zom ntawm chitin

Chitin yog lub pob tshab zoo heev uas tsis zom rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Zoo li cellulose, chitin txhim kho lub plab zom mov ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj lwm yam txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev.

Qhov tseeb cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm chitin hauv lub cev

Tib neeg lub cev tsis tsim chitin ntawm nws tus kheej, yog li ntawd nws cov ntsiab lus hauv lub cev tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus. Raws li qhov no, nws tau hais tias yog tias koj xav tau kev noj qab haus huv, koj yuav tsum tsis tu ncua noj chitin hauv daim ntawv ntawm nws monomer - chitosan.

Chitin rau kev zoo nkauj thiab kev noj qab haus huv

Tsis ntev los no, cosmetologists tau sau ntawv ntau ntxiv txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo uas pom los ntawm kev siv cov khoom kho mob thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce nrog chitin. Nws yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau kom cov plaub hau ntim thiab elasticity, siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, ntxiv rau cream, da dej gels, thiab cov khoom siv tu cev (gel tshuaj txhuam hniav) yog tsim. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam styling tsuag thiab varnishes.

Chitin yog siv los ua zaub mov noj rau hauv kev noj haus kom txhim kho daim tawv nqaij elasticity, ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab moisturizer. Tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau, yog li ua kom yooj yim cov txheej txheem sib txuas, tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij kom tsis txhob ya raws thiab txhuam cov ntsia hlau.

Argentine cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas qhov peculiarity ntawm chitin ua tus pab cuam rau kev tsim kho tshiab sai sai ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, chitin tau hloov pauv los ntawm cua kub rau hauv cov dej-soluble tshiab. chitosan, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tiv thaiv kev laus. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tiv thaiv kev laus, daim tawv nqaij du dua, nrawm dhau los ua neeg tsis tshua pom tseeb. Cov tawv nqaij txais lub fresher thiab cov yau saib, ua tsaug rau cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm chitin los daws qhov spasm ntawm cov capillaries me tshaj plaws ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Raws li rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm chitin rau qhov slimness ntawm koj daim duab, nws yog pom tseeb. Chitosan tseem tseem hu ua tsiaj fiber, uas khi rau hauv lub cev thiab tshem tawm cov rog hauv lub cev, pab nrog kev ua kom ntau dhau, nce ntau ntawm bifidobacteria hauv cov hnyuv thiab maj mam txhawb nqa kev poob phaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov adsorption ntawm cov pa phem, tom qab kev khiav tawm ntawm uas, peb lub cev xav tias lub teeb thiab dawb.

Chitin nyob rau hauv Xwm

Hauv qhov xwm txheej, chitin ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiab txhawb nqa, muab lub zog ntawm crustaceans, fungi thiab kab mob. Hauv qhov no nws zoo ib yam li cellulose, uas yog cov khoom txhawb nqa ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell phab ntsa. Tab sis chitin ntau reactive, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Chitin Society. Thaum rhuab thiab kho nrog concentrated alkali, nws hloov mus rau hauv chitosan. Cov polymer no tuaj yeem yaj hauv dilute acid daws, nrog rau khi thiab hnov ​​​​mob nrog lwm yam tshuaj. Yog li, qee zaum chemists hais txog chitosan ua "tus tsim" uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim ntau yam polymers. Kom tau txais cov chitin ntshiab, protein, calcium thiab lwm yam minerals raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas muaj nws, hloov mus rau hauv ib daim ntawv soluble. Qhov tshwm sim yog chitinous crumb.

"Crustaceans, fungi thiab kab yog siv kom tau txais chitin. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tshuaj no tau pom thawj zaug hauv champignons. Kev siv chitin thiab nws cov derivative chitosan tsuas yog nthuav dav. Cov polysaccharide yog siv rau hauv cov khoom noj, tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab mob, soluble surgical sutures, yog siv los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Chitosan yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv"

Chitin hauv tshuaj

Vim lub fact tias chitosan zoo kawg nkaus reacts nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj, tshuaj thiab receptors, piv txwv li, yuav ua tau "dai" ntawm lub polymer saw. Yog li, cov tshuaj nquag yuav raug tso tawm tsuas yog nyob qhov twg nws xav tau, tsis tas yuav nthuav tawm tag nrho lub cev rau toxicosis. Ntxiv mus, chitosan nws tus kheej yog kiag li tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj nyob.

Chitosan kuj tseem siv los ua kev noj haus ntxiv. Piv txwv li, nws qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov hnyav molecular feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntshav thiab ua haujlwm ntawm qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov nruab nrab molecular feem yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas inhibits kev loj hlob ntawm pathogenic microflora hauv txoj hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws pab tsim ib zaj duab xis ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa, uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm o. Hauv qhov no, cov yeeb yaj kiab yaj sai sai, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv tshuaj. Qhov siab molecular hnyav feem ntawm chitosan ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug sorbent rau co toxins uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov.

"Peb paub ntau yam sorbents uas kuj muaj cov khoom uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg - lawv tau nqus thiab tso rau hauv cov leeg thiab pob txha. Chitosan tsis muaj tag nrho cov kev mob tshwm sim no. Ntxiv mus, nws tuaj yeem nqus tau cov tshuaj ntsuab, uas, ua ke nrog nws, tsis poob lawv cov txiaj ntsig tau ntev, thiab siv los ua kev noj haus ntxiv. Chitosan kuj tseem siv rau hauv daim ntawv gel rau kev kho mob ntawm qhov ncauj los yog kub hnyiab. "

Tsis tas li ntawd, chitosan muaj cov nyhuv antitumor, yog li nws tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav. Cov tshuaj no txo ​​qis cov roj cholesterol, vim nws khi cov lipids noj zaub mov thiab tiv thaiv kev nqus cov rog los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv chitosan ua kev cog qoob loo kho mob.

Chitin thiab gene therapy

Gene therapy yog tam sim no nquag txhim kho. Nrog kev pab los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov kev ua ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam "kev puas tsuaj" noob los yog ntxig rau lwm tus nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Tab sis txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xa cov ntaub ntawv "tseem ceeb" noob rau hauv lub cell. Yav dhau los, cov kab mob tau siv rau qhov no, tab sis qhov system no muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo: carcinogenicity thiab tus nqi siab yog feem ntau. Tab sis nrog kev pab ntawm chitosan, nws muaj peev xwm xa cov ntaub ntawv gene tsim nyog rau hauv lub cell yam tsis muaj teeb meem tshwm sim thiab pheej yig.

" Non-viral RNA tus me nyuam vectors tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag nrog kev hloov kho tshuaj. Chitosan yog ib qho vector zoo dua liposomes lossis cationic polymers vim nws khi rau DNA zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuab no tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm chav tsev kub , ”tus kws tshawb fawb hais.

Chitin hauv kev lag luam khoom noj

Lub absorbency ntawm chitosan yog siv nyob rau hauv brewing kom tshem tawm sediment. Lub thiaj li hu ua turbidity nyob rau hauv cov dej haus yog tsim los ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab auxiliary cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov proteins, carbohydrates, nyob hlwb thiab oxalates. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov cell nyob, chitosan yog siv nyob rau theem ntawm kev qhia meej ntawm cov khoom.

Tsis tas li ntawd, chitosan zaj duab xis txo tus nqi ntawm kev sib kis ntawm microbes hauv cov nqaij nyoos, inhibits qhov tsos ntawm cov kab mob Staphylococcus aureus.

"Feem ntau, cov nqaij tshiab yog khaws cia tsis pub dhau ob hnub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sim nrog chitosan, peb tau tswj kom nce lub sij hawm cia los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab mus rau ob zaug. Qee qhov xwm txheej, lub sijhawm mus txog li ob lub lis piam. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, chitosan zaj duab xis yog ib pob zoo tshaj plaws, vim nws xyaum tsis pom."

Chitosan kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj rau kev coagulation ntawm whey proteins nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj siv mis, rau kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus iodized raws li kev tsim cov iodine-chitosan complexes, thiab rau lwm yam.